Sigmund Freud s Treatment Plan - 2983 Words

Sigmund Freud: Treatment Plan According to Psychoanalysis Theory. HUED 513 Rebecca Sullivan September 23rd, 2014 Dr. Conaway Sigmund Freud: Treatment Plan According to Psychoanalysis Theory. According to Ryckman (2012), the definition of personality is â€Å"Despite the many definitions of the term, investigators generally agree that personality is the dynamic and organized set characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations† (p. 4). Many people in the field of psychology have developed their own theories of personality in hopes of understanding people better and getting a grasp on human behavior. According to Sharf (2012), one of the first individuals to use psychoanalysis and psychotherapy was Sigmund Fraud. Sigmund Freud’s theory of how to perform psychoanalysis was considered to be the best through 1930s- 1950s and most of the main theorists were trained under Freud’s psychoanalysis theory (Sharf, 2012). Sigmund Freud was born in May 6th, 1856 in a town called Moravia in Czechoslovakia (Freud, 1963). He became a doctor not because of his Jewish decent, but mainly because he was drawn to human behavior (Freud, 1963). Over the years he became a doctor and began to develop his own theories. One that is of importance pertaining to personality is what he called the levels of consciousness (Sharf, 2012). According to Sharf (2012), Freud believed that there were three levelsShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud. Briana Gates. Mr. Wiles. Psyc 43101-01:1611 Words   |  7 Pages Sigmund Freud Briana Gates Mr. Wiles PSYC 43101-01: History and Systems of Psychology February 25, 2017 On May 6, 1856, a baby by the name of Sigmund Freud was born, in a what is now known as the Czech Republic (Schultz Schultz, 2012). After moving around a bit, Freud eventually settled in Vienna, and spent most his life there. It is without question that Sigmund Freud is a well-known name, and that he can be considered the father of what is known as psychoanalysis, seeing as how heRead MoreSigmund Freud On Modern Psychology And Schools Of Thought1691 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939), a Jewish Viennese doctor, developed psychoanalysis at the end of the 19th Century as a form of therapy which seeks to cure mental disorders and their physical manifestations by ‘investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind’ (Concise Oxford Dictionary). Freud’s work and philosophy played a large part in the development of Western liberal humanist understanding of meaning and purpose. Freud believed that the goal of the adultRead MoreDescribe and critically evaluate the psychoanalytical approach1148 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe and Critically Evaluate the Psychoanalytical Approach Plan: 1.Introduction 2.Methods and Discoveries 3.Model of Personality 4.Stages 5.Therapies 6.Criticisms, Evaluations and Research 7.Conclusion The psychoanalytical approach is a controversial doctrine based on the system of psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud. Freud was primarily interested in investigating the unconscious mind through the study of dreams, mental illness and everyday slips of the tongue or actions. He conductedRead MoreCounsellors are ‘Born’ not ‘Made’ Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagesvaluable tool in the treatment of mental disorders today. A good starting point would be to explore the history of Counselling, and the methods used and results obtained. In an article published in PhychCentral called ‘History of Physiotherapy’ by Jim Haggerty, M.D. He describes that before the ancient Greeks mental illness was regarded as a person being possessed by evil spirits. However, mental illness was first identified by the ancient Greeks as a medical condition. The treatments used for depressionRead MoreDefense Of The Ego System1602 Words   |  7 Pageswith palliative measures... There are perhaps three such measures: powerful deflections, which cause us to make light of our misery; substitutive satisfactions, which diminish it; and intoxicating substances, which make us insensible to it.† ― Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents The ego is the diplomat between the formidable forces of our biological nature and our conscience. It filters our instinctual desires as well as our desire to live up to our own moral standards through the confinesRead MoreThe Boy Who Never Grew Up Essay2156 Words   |  9 PagesThe Boy Who Never Grew Up John C.W. Young California Baptist University â€Æ' Abstract Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is used to explore Peter Pan and his inability to take his place in a responsible world. Freud’s Oedipus complex is discussed and used to determine the cause of the disconnect from his adulthood and the treatment in which Freud suggests that would able to correct the repressed childhood conflicts that are present due to fears and repressed memories as it’s contributing to Peter’sRead MoreBruno Bettelheim s `` Punishment Versus Discipline ``1910 Words   |  8 Pagespsychoanalysis. Bettelheim informs readers that Vienna is the origin of psychoanalysis stemming from the historical fact that symptoms of insanity were prevalent, and thus observed carefully in Vienna. Additionally, Vienna is also the home of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. One of the prominent cases of a patient who demonstrated insanity was Franz Joseph’s wife, Elizabeth, and the Emperor’s son, Prince Rudolf. Bettelheim describ es that Elizabeth displays the symptoms of an anorexicRead MoreContrasting Psycodynamic, Cognitive Behavioral and Person-Centered Counseling Theories1732 Words   |  7 Pagesdecisions affecting their life. Often counseling is sought out at times of change or crisis, it need not be so, however, as counseling can also help us at any time of our life† (Woods, 2005). Counseling theories are used by counselors as part of their treatment plan for clients. There are many types of theories that counselors can choose from. These theories are usually hosen based on the client needs and what the counselor feel will be most effective. Counselors are not limited to just one theory when itRead MoreSymptoms Of Major Depressive Disorder Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagesstands out is having a disruption in your ability to think or concentrate; affecting your everyday life activities. Then the last sign that has been mentioned is having thoughts about death. These thoughts are not just a fear of dying, but a specific plan in which to die by suicide. Major depressive disorder ?symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning? (DSM-5, 2013, 161). However, depression has not always been classifiedRead MoreCounselling Theories1817 Words   |  8 PagesASSIGNMENT 1: COUNSELLING THEORIES Question 1: Briefly describe the key concepts PSYCHOANAYLYTIC THERAPY This study explored the method of psychoanalytic therapy which was originated by Sigmund Freud as basically deterministic, in the Freudian’s view of human nature. In which free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts, in order to free psychic energy for mature love

History of Christianity and the Christian Church - 603 Words

1) Paul’s main message was that through Jesus, God would give pardon to those who trusted and believed him. He also believed that people can begin the process of salvation present in their own life. He spoke of agape. This is unconditional love. He believed all of Christian concern circled around this. Jesus’s teachings are more about the life her and now. So when he talked about the Kingdom of Heaven, he was thinking of a kingdom here on earth, while Paul thought more about a metaphorical kingdom of people who believe. Another big difference is that Paul believed people are justification by faith; while Jesus focused on doing things –repenting, being baptized –in order to be justified. Jesus spoke to Jesus; Paul spoke to Gentiles, so the law Moses wasn’t as important. 2) In the year 800, Pope Leo named Charlemagne the Holy Roman Empire. This upset the Byzantine emperor because the Byzantines had stood up to barbarians and upheld the faith for years and they didn’t want a western Emperor over them. Things continued to get worse and in 1054, church split into two: Rome Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Catholics. Things that contributed to the schism were the fact that the Roman Catholics tended to be in the west and the Orthodox in the east, and as time went on language differences got in the way. Also, the west put more emphasis on Jesus’s humanity while the east focused on his divinity. Today, the churches accept each other but they cannot take communion in each other’sShow MoreRelatedChristianity And The Christian Church1473 Words   |  6 Pagesglobe, making up the cornerstone of Christ’s most important legacy, Christianity. It is a religion shaped entirely around Jesus’ personal philosophies and ideologies that has forever shaped the course of human history. In order to appreciate the importance of Christianity, first an understanding of the religion itself must be reached. The Christian church teaches that there is one God who created everything. Although Christians believe there is a singular God, he is split into three parts: FatherRead MoreGender, Or Race, And Many Christians Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagesgender, or race, and many Christians did not believe in killing. The apologies demonstrated the fallacy of pagan religions and Christianity. The importance of Christian history provides an example of those who took their faith seriously in the early church. Apologetic writings also explained that Christianity was not new because Jesus was the prophesied Messiah of the Old Testament. 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Pope Shenouda passed away about four years ago and his episcopate lasted for over 40 years. The Coptic church has commonly been referred to by historians as the â€Å"Church of the Martyrs† (A Brief History of the Christian Church). It was given this name due to the desire of martyrdom rather than the multitude of martyrsRead MoreChristianity in Northern Africa Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesI. INTRODUCTION Christianity in Africa is not a recent happening nor is it a product of colonialism if we go back to the very time of the apostle. Christianity in most area was confronted during the centuries after the struggle by Islam, the Christian religion suffered in some measure, but did not disappear. Christianity has been flourishing on the northern part of this continent for years before Islam was born. Christianity in North African seemed to have been well founded deeply entrenched andRead More Role of Christian Faith in Ancient and Contemporary Turkey1487 Words   |  6 PagesRole of Christian Faith in Ancient and Contemporary Turkey Turkey?s population is nearly 99% Muslim, and even though Christianity is a clear minority (1), Turkey has played a major role in the history of the Christian faith.? Turkey is second in the number of Christian biblical sites, Israel being the first, so Turkey contains a wealth of Christian history (2).? Ancient Biblical Heritage: Antioch: Christianity began in 50 AD with Saint Paul, born Saul of Tarsus, located theRead MoreEssay on The Influence of Christianity on Ancient and Modern Greece1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influence of Christianity on Ancient and Modern Greece Problems with format ?From the earliest establishment of Christian churches in Macedonia, Achaia, Epirus, and Crete, to the expansion of the Orthodox Church, Greece has been a formidable landmark for development of Christianity throughout the world.? From its arrival to Greece with the first preaching of Paul, the Christian faith has undergone a unique assimilation into the cultural and philosophical traditions of the Greek peopleRead MoreThe Spread of Christianity1241 Words   |  5 PagesHelp spread the religion Christianity is one of the world’s largest and oldest religions. It has a very diverse history and has gone through many stages to get to where it is today. 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Learning on Sexual Selection and Speciation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Learning on Sexual Selection and Speciation. Answer: Introduction Speciation is an evolutionary process via which the a specific group of populations evolve in order to become distinct species. The concept of speciation and the difference between the species was first elucidated via Orator F. Cook who coined the term cladogeneisis in the year 1906. Cladogenesis means splitting of lineages and is different from that of anagenesis which deals with phyletic evolution within the lineages (Abbott et al., 2013; Rabosky et al., 2013). The concept of speciation furthered gained a new meaning with the publication of the book, The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin. It is Darwin who highlighted the concept of natural selection and sexual selection which further defined the concept of speciation (Abbott et al., 2013; Rabosky et al., 2013). Speciation is the central topic of evolutionary science (Butlin et al., 2012). This is because; studying speciation helps to track the path of the evolution of organisms. However, according to Butlin et al. (2012), the deb ate upon the concepts of species is often considered as unproductive as biological species concept is now predominantly accepted is the term for defining speciation. The following essay aims to highlight the main factors responsible for speciation. Analysis of these factors will help to get a detailed insight about the process of gradual progression of the concept of speciation. At end, the report also aims to highlight the future implication of the study in the domain of speciation. In order to conduct this research I employed a thematic analysis approach based on the search of the literary articles. The articles were searched in the electronic databases like Medline and PubMed. The main keywords which are used to search literary articles include speciation, speciation barriers, speciation AND evolution. On the basis of the keyword search I found few relevant articles which I will use in the body of the assignment to backup my arguments. These references will be helpful because it will help to draw a critical insight about the factors contributing towards speciation with insightful examples. Emergence of Reproductive Isolation and Speciation As per the biological species concept, understanding the concept of speciation demands proper insight about the process of breakdown of gene flow (Butlin et al., 2012). The process of gene flow can be critically analysed upon discussion of the reproductive isolation. The primitive scheme used for elaborating the origination of the reproductive isolation is whether the flow of gene is restricted before (prezygotic) or after (postzygotic) the formation of hybrid zygote. Butlin et al. (2012) have described prezygotic isolation as either crucial or previous evolving barrier towards flow of the gene in comparison to that of post zygotic isolation. Thus, it can be regarded as an important process behind the concept of speciation. The view stated by Butlin et al. (2012), stems from numerous examples of speciation showcasing significant evidences against prezygotic isolation (frequently behavioural mate differentiation among the animals or difference in pollinator in plants) in comparison to postzygotic isolation. According to Sobel et al. (2010) prezygotic isolation is crucial at any stage of speciation. This is because an organism is required to mate outside its own herd before it generates a hybrid yet sterile progeny. However, this ideas does not correctly responsible for extrinsic postzygotic isolation due to the process of differential adaptation that at times considered as the first step of speciation (Butlin Ritchie, 2009). In the domain of reproductive isolation, Riesch et al. (2012), is of the opinion that evolution of human has been stringently shaped by the interaction between gene and culture and there is an ever rising evidence that identical processes can also cast a huge impact on the population of non-human primates. According to the theoretical studies, the culture can be regarded as important evolutionary mechanisms due the ability of the cultural traits to spread rigorously in both vertical, horizontal and oblique direction (Schluter, 2009). This r esults in decrease in variance within the group and increase in variance between the groups. In their study Riesch et al. (2012) have accumulated extensive literature over the population divergence in killer whales (Orcinus orca). They have argued that they are in a process of ongoing ecological speciation arising out of dietary specialization. Although they failed to overlook the chances that cultural divergence pre-dates ecological divergence. They proposed that cultural difference coming as learned behaviours in between the ecologically divergent population of killer whales have resulted in the achievement of significant reproductive isolation leading to the generation of incipient speciation (Riesch et al., 2012). Thus from my understanding from the above discussion, I think that proper understanding of the contributing component of the reproductive isolation is crucial in order to understand the detailed process of speciation. According to Uyeda et al. (2009), chance events and genetic drift like mutation, colonisation, chromosomal rearrangement and polyploidy are regarded as strong contributors towards the process of speciation. However, the conditions under which the drift is the principal contributor of speciation is limited this is primarily because of the huge impact of gene flow. According to Tazzyman and Iwasa (2010), genetic drift might initiate the process of speciation via bestowing the preliminary divergence upon which the selection acts and this said point of overlap is responsible towards the evolution of reproductive isolation under the presence of significant flow of gene. Servedio and Noor (2003) further stated that genetic drift might also effect during the process of reinforcement via generating preliminary linkage disequilibrium in between the selected traits and mating traits. Moreover, it can be stated that speciation occurring via divergent selection is influenced via the founder even ts and this must often be the scenario of colonisation of new habitats (Butlin et al., 2012). According to Martin et al. (2013) the difference in the pattern of colours in between the population of poison-dart frog Oophaga pumilio across Bocas del Tro archipelago arise out of sexual selection as two other non-sexually selecting species of Dendrobatic found in the identical habitat do not showcase this variation. Martin et al. (2013) theoretically tested this assertion via employing quantitative genetic sexual selection model. They incorporated random drift and aposematic coloration. Martin et al. (2013) elucidated that sexual selection might have caused the observed variation through novel process interlinked with genetic drift. Under this novel process, sexual selection forces the colour of the frog to strictly follow the evolution of female genotype. Any in between population divergece arising out of genetic drift is transferred on to colour. Thus genetic drift lead to the develop ment of sexual selection resulting in speciation if O. pumilio. The results elucidated by Runemark et al. (2010) upon their experiment on females of Skyros wall lizard,Podarcis gaigeae showed that interaction between genetic drift and selection pressure cause divergence even at phenotypic level and this further leads to speciation. As per my understanding from the above discussion I feel that rate of gene flow between the diverging population readily influence the role of genetic drift in the process of speciation. I feel proper evaluation of the impact of drift on the rate of gene flow during the process of divergence is the major challenge in the speciation research. Reinforcement and speciation Reinforcement remains a contentious factor contributing towards the process of speciation (Pfennig, 2003). It is defined as a process of evolution arising out of increased prezygotic isolation that results out of selection occurring against inter-specific mating (Bank, Hermisson Kirkpatrick, 2012). Yukilevich (2012) have further opined that reinforcement is one of the most widely discussed matters in the domain of evolutionary biology under the mechanisms of evolution. Although the process of speciation is assumed as the by product of evolutionary process, the mechanism of reinforcement specifically posits that the theory of natural selection directly favours the process of speciation. However, the main problem in quantifying the nature of reinforcement in the process of divergence is that the important pattern highlighted by the concept of reinforcement (that is increase isolations in the habitats of sympatry in comparison to habitats of allopatry). This crucial pattern might colla pse over time as a result of active flow of gene or can also result as an outcome of the other ecological processes like ecological character displacement (Pfennig, 2003). According to Bank, Hermisson and Kirkpatrick (2012) whether total closure of the genetic introgression via reinforcement takes place can vary on the size of effect which the mutations have over the sensory system used in the choice of mate. On the basis of this method, Yukilevich (2012), proposed that assymetrical pattern of speciation that is common in drosophila is uniquely supported by the process of reinforcement. Their study concluded that there is 60 to 83% of impact on reinforcement on the sympatric Drosophila and this impact enhance pre-mating by 18 to 26% thereby causing speciation. Another study conducted by Matute, (2010) further provided a detailed insight about the process of reinforcement and its subsequent effects on the evolutionary process of speciation. According to Matute, (2010), reinforcement might overcome the flow of gene during the speciation in Drosophila and thereby providing valuable evidence towards the contribution of reinforcement on speciation. Thus from the above review of literature, I think the process of reinforcement can be regarded as the major contributing factors behind the process of speciation. I think the study of reinforcement of Drosophila have helped the researcher to get a detailed insight about the process of reinforcement. However, the direct impact of reinforcement on the process of speciation is difficult to study because of its divergence pattern on sexual selection. Hybridisation in speciation According to Wood et al. (2009), hybridization is a crucial process in the history of plant speciation. Evidence behind the fast speciation in plants especially by allopolyploidy is strong on the other hand, speciation centring polyploidy is comparatively less in animals (Wood et al., 2009). Barriers that putatively decrease the process of speciation through this mechanism of hybridization have been discussed by Clarkson et al. (2010). According to Clarkson et al. (2010), the principal problem in hybridization is to overule is the lack of reproductive isolation from the parental population. Gompert et al. (2006) provided solution to this problem via including the concept of significant ecological separation from parental species (for example transgressive variation or novel niche occupation). In contrast to the homoploid hybridisation under which new linkage is close to equal mixture ration of the parent population, hybridisation can highlight be an important source of genetic divers ity. This genetic diversity arising out of hybridisation allows one or more than one few selectively favoured genetic traits to introgress from a associated species and simultaneously contribute towards the success of the novel linkage in the absence of general amalgamation of the parental genomes (Clarkson et al., 2010). As per my understanding about the concept of hybridization in the domain speciation, there are an urgent requirement for elucidation of advanced analytical techniques that will help to distinguish between the past and the current process of hybridization from other genetic effects that have resulted in the generation of shared variation in the cross taxa. Future prospects of research in the process of speciation Research on the process of speciation demands which genes and network of genes contribute towards the process of speciation. However, other researchers have used different criteria of defining or establishing this association. It has currently been critiqued that only the changes occurring at the genetic level which contributes towards an increase in the reproductive isolation must be accepted as the process of speciation genes (Nosil Schluter, 2011). However, I think distinguishing such speciation contributing genes can be difficult. I also feel that the concept in extremely relevant for the genes that contribute towards early and ongoing process of speciation. Nevertheless, employing more constrained definition will enable to give proper guidance towards future work process. According to Presgraves (2010), the genes of speciation or the speciation genes can be linked with any various types of reproductive isolation barrier but majority of the information is available in the domain of hybrid dysfunction. Lack of compatibility between the mitochondrial genes and nuclear genes which are associated with the process of reproductive isolation is well-established in plants but are recently been established in relation to the human genome (Ellison, Niehuis Gadau, (2008); Gibson et al. (2010). Recent works undertaken by Johnson (2010) has indicated that genetic changes which are responsible for the process of hybrid incompatibility can be constant for the non-adaptive reasons (that is: co-evolution of meiotic drivers along with their suppressors and duplicate gene silencing). As per my understandings, this highlights the requirement for the future work-process to remain connected with the speciation genes alongside with the process of that has lead to the generation of species divergence. I also feel that more and more genes are required to be elucidated in the wider range of taxa for extra components of isolation along with the proper view of the interactions of ge ne-environment and proper evidence stating their distinct roles in the process of evolution of the reproductive isolations. I think only then it will be possible to make generalised view about the types of gene that are responsible to incompatibility leading to sexual isolation or divergence and thereby causing speciation. Apart from studying the factors that are responsible for the process of speciation, I feel it is also important to note that the cause behind the variation of the rate of speciation and duration. According to (Yoder et al. 2020), duration and rate of speciation might be influenced by the same factor. For example, the success rate of adaptive divergence must co-vary with the ecological opportunity. Moreover according to Funk, Nosil and Etges (2006), the process of natural selection can increase the process of divergence and this has been linked with the extent of reproductive isolation. Thus barren environments might cause both frequent and rapid isolation. However, this might generate to more frequent initiation of speciation but the same remains incomplete because either the flow of gene persists or because the population which is divergent do not persist or due to certain environmental change. So I feel resolving this problem will demand both advanced yet comparative method for bet ter understanding of the mechanisms of speciation and extinction. Significance of Biogeography and Speciation Understanding the process of speciation is extremely crucial towards the process of building a comprehensive macro-evolutionary synthesis. A number of theoretical constructs have been opined in order to explain numerous differential patterns viewed in speciation like fossil records or higher rates of speculations among the generalist taxa versus the specialist taxa. However, the majority of these explanations mostly rely on one or two explanatory variables and these may lead to the generation of overly simplistic narration of the complex process of speciation (Stigall, 2015). Development of a comprehensive understanding about the process of speciation demands broadness in synthesis of explanatory factors. The major explanatory factors that can employed in order to fully understand the concept of speciation include the role of reproductive isolation in the mechanism of speciation, significance of genetic drift in the process of speciation, importance of natural selection and sexual se lection in the process of speciation and the environmental and genetic factors contributing towards speciation (Stigall, 2015; Verzijden et al., 2012). Proper understanding of the speciation based on above mentioned factors will in turn help to get a detailed insight about the process of biogeography (Wiens, 2011). Biogeography can be defined as the process of distribution of ecosystem and species within the within the geographic space throughout the geological time (Wiens, 2011). Thus the understanding about the biogeography will further help to get a detailed insight about the niche matters of biogeography, biogeographic pattern of species migration, habitat change and subsequent niche conversation (Shafer Wolf, 2013). Thus I think, getting a detailed aspect of numerous factors of biogeography via an active study of speciation and this in turn will help to study the process of evolution. Conclusion Thus from the above discussion it can be concluded that, there are numerous factors that contributes towards the process of speciation like reproductive isolation (resulting in sexual selection and subsequently natural selection), genetic drift, reinforcement and hybridization. However, in future a detailed insight is required to study the influence of environmental factors towards the process of speciation. This analysis will lead to elucidations of the external factors which are responsible for the incompatibility and thereby promoting sexual isolation, genetic drift and divergence and thereby causing speciation. Clear concept about the ongoing process of speciation will help to get a clear picture of evolutionary biology and thereby leading to advancement in biogeography. References Abbott, R., Albach, D., Ansell, S., Arntzen, J. W., Baird, S. J., Bierne, N., ... Butlin, R. K. (2013). Hybridization and speciation.Journal of evolutionary biology,26(2), 229-246. Bank, C., Hermisson, J., Kirkpatrick, M. (2012). Can reinforcement complete speciation?.Evolution,66(1), 229-239. Butlin, R. K., Ritchie, M. G. (2009). Genetics of speciation. Nature Butlin, R., Debelle, A., Kerth, C., Snook, R. R., Beukeboom, L. W., Castillo, R. C., ... Hoikkala, A. (2012). What do we need to know about speciation?.Trends in Ecology Evolution,27(1), 27-39. Clarkson, J. J., Kelly, L. J., Leitch, A. R., Knapp, S., Chase, M. W. (2010). Nuclear glutamine synthetase evolution in Nicotiana: phylogenetics and the origins of allotetraploid and homoploid (diploid) hybrids.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,55(1), 99-112. Ellison, C. K., Niehuis, O., Gadau, J. (2008). Hybrid breakdown and mitochondrial dysfunction in hybrids of Nasonia parasitoid wasps.Journal of evolutionary biology,21(6), 1844-1851. Funk, D. J., Nosil, P., Etges, W. J. (2006). Ecological divergence exhibits consistently positive associations with reproductive isolation across disparate taxa.Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America,103(9), 3209-3213. Gibson, J. D., Niehuis, O., Verrelli, B. C., Gadau, J. (2010). Contrasting patterns of selective constraints in nuclear-encoded genes of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway in holometabolous insects and their possible role in hybrid breakdown in Nasonia.Heredity,104(3), 310. Gompert, Z., Nice, C. C., Fordyce, J. A., Forister, M. L., Shapiro, A. M. (2006). Identifying units for conservation using molecular systematics: the cautionary tale of the Karner blue butterfly.Molecular ecology,15(7), 1759-1768. Johnson, N. A. (2010). Hybrid incompatibility genes: remnants of a genomic battlefield?.Trends in Genetics,26(7), 317-325. Martin, S. H., Dasmahapatra, K. K., Nadeau, N. J., Salazar, C., Walters, J. R., Simpson, F., ... Jiggins, C. D. (2013). Genome-wide evidence for speciation with gene flow in Heliconius butterflies.Genome research,23(11), 1817-1828. Matute, D. R. (2010). Reinforcement can overcome gene flow during speciation in Drosophila.Current Biology,20(24), 2229-2233. Nosil, P., Schluter, D. (2011). The genes underlying the process of speciation.Trends in Ecology Evolution,26(4), 160-167. Pfennig, K. S. (2003). A test of alternative hypotheses for the evolution of reproductive isolation between spadefoot toads: support for the reinforcement hypothesis.Evolution,57(12), 2842-2851. Presgraves, D. C. (2010). The molecular evolutionary basis of species formation.Nature Reviews Genetics,11(3), 175. Rabosky, D. L., Santini, F., Eastman, J., Smith, S. A., Sidlauskas, B., Chang, J., Alfaro, M. E. (2013). Rates of speciation and morphological evolution are correlated across the largest vertebrate radiation.Nature communications,4, 1958. Riesch, R., Barrett-Lennard, L. G., Ellis, G. M., Ford, J. K., Deecke, V. B. (2012). Cultural traditions and the evolution of reproductive isolation: ecological speciation in killer whales?.Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,106(1), 1-17. Runemark, A., Hansson, B., Pafilis, P., Valakos, E. D., Svensson, E. I. (2010). Island biology and morphological divergence of the Skyros wall lizard Podarcis gaigeae: a combined role for local selection and genetic drift on color morph frequency divergence?.BMC evolutionary biology,10(1), 269. Schluter, D. (2009). Evidence for ecological speciation and its alternative.Science,323(5915), 737-741. Servedio, M. R., Noor, M. A. (2003). The role of reinforcement in speciation: theory and data.Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics,34(1), 339-364. Shafer, A., Wolf, J. B. (2013). Widespread evidence for incipient ecological speciation: a meta?analysis of isolation?by?ecology.Ecology letters,16(7), 940-950. Sobel, J. M., Chen, G. F., Watt, L. R., Schemske, D. W. (2010). The biology of speciation.Evolution,64(2), 295-315. Stigall, A. L. (2015). Speciation: expanding the role of biogeography and niche breadth in macroevolutionary theory. InMacroevolution(pp. 301-327). Springer, Cham. Tazzyman, S. J., Iwasa, Y. (2010). Sexual selection can increase the effect of random genetic driftA quantitative genetic model of polymorphism in Oophaga pumilio, the strawberry poison?dart frog.Evolution,64(6), 1719-1728. Uyeda, J. C., Arnold, S. J., Hohenlohe, P. A., Mead, L. S. (2009). Drift promotes speciation by sexual selection.Evolution,63(3), 583-594. Verzijden, M. N., Ten Cate, C., Servedio, M. R., Kozak, G. M., Boughman, J. W., Svensson, E. I. (2012). The impact of learning on sexual selection and speciation.Trends in Ecology Evolution,27(9), 511-519. Wiens, J. J. (2011). The niche, biogeography and species interactions.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,366(1576), 2336-2350. Wood, T. E., Takebayashi, N., Barker, M. S., Mayrose, I., Greenspoon, P. B., Rieseberg, L. H. (2009). The frequency of polyploid speciation in vascular plants.Proceedings of the national Academy of sciences,106(33), 13875-13879. Yoder, J. B., Clancey, E., Des Roches, S., Eastman, J. 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Wong Kar Wai A Five Film Retrospective Essay Example

Wong Kar Wai: A Five Film Retrospective Essay Wong Kar Wai’s art and style of storytelling and directing is built through his personal influences and Hong Kong’s political and social relationships. Notorious for his unique approach and technique, Wong Kar Wai combines stories of the city, mostly tackling Hong Kong’s current social and political issues, with radical experimentation and audacious methods of directing. He started as an apprentice in one of Alan Tang Kwong-Wing’s production houses. Tang is the renowned owner of The Wing Scope Co. and In-gear Film Production Company and became Wang’s first producer for his first film As Tears Go by.However, before Wang considered himself as a full-time film director, he started first writing his stories for television.   After he finished taking a course on graphic designing at the Hong Kong Polytechnic School, he furthered his studies by taking up at the Hong Kong Television Broadcasts Limited a course on a production training course offered by t he said television station. From here, Wong Kar Wai sharpened his skills in screenplay. After almost five years, he was given his first break in film when Hong Kong actor- producer Alan Tang funded his first film. His stories run to almost all genres, ranging from action, comedy, drama to crime and romance. However, his most famous and award- winning films such as Chungking Express, Fallen Angels, Happy Together, and In the Mood for Love all narrate stories of affection and romantic love. On these movies, Wong Kar Wai tackles about the uncertainty of romance amidst the noise and the fast-paced life of the city. With this, Wong Kar Wai’s films are usually easily detected because of his consistent use of the ideas of time and love among his films. However, he regards Final Victory as his finest screenplay. A comedy- crime story, Final Victory is a film which he has written for the movie director Patrick Tam.As a director, on the other hand, Wong Kar Wai is detectable through hi s bold experimentations and views about film directing. He often employs alienation and dislocation in his filmmaking, two aspects that Tam has a major influence on him. Together with these, Wang also applies striking and salient visual aesthetic wherein colors are creatively used to stir atmosphere, mood, and emotions. Moreover, Wang prefers to focus on the details of his films rather than on its totality.Due to his militant and revolutionary approach in film directing, Wong Kar Wai is often regarded as a postmodern artist, a postmodern auteur. From his artistic innovativeness and creativity, Wang rises as one of Hong Kong’s finest and well- acclaimed scriptwriters and directors—a status that one cannot achieve without his influences that shape him.Wong Kar Wai and the Italian Neo- RealismWong Kar Wai’s films are easily characterized because of his stories’ themes and settings. While giving subject matters that discuss about Hong Kong’s socio-poli tical issues, Wong Kar Wai also utilizes settings that define more his subject matters. For example, in Chungking Express the location of the story is the Hong Kong City which Wang used in defining and explaining deeper the social issue he wanted to project in the film—how love exists in a postmodern age. The use of Hong Kong means that Wang is conscious about the effect of location to the meanings he desires to convey in his movie. It is an implicit way of telling to his audience that love in a postmodernism, just like the city of Hong Kong, is a fast-paced, changing, hybrid and capitalized thing. In Italian Neo-realism, location shooting and dubbing of the dialogues are two aspects which are given more focus on. Locations, as well as characters, should all look realistic that is why directors influenced by this technique follows the idea that actors, even those principal ones, should be non- actors. This is to make the acting and the finished film product look more realisti c.Wong Kar Wai and the French New WaveWong Kai is part of the second- wave Hong Kong directors who are greatly influenced by the French New Wave, together with Eddie Fong, Stanley Kwan and Clara Law. All of them are followers of first- wave directors like Tsui Hark, Ann Hui and Patrick Tam, the one that Wong has worked with. The movement let Wang and directors alike to use their artistic impetus in analyzing and perhaps in critiquing Hong Kong in terms of its social and political issues, as well as its past and current relationship to China and Britain—the two countries that colonized the country. To illustrate further, Wong in most of his films, uses the idea of hybridity of the two cultures, in portraying his stories. In Chungking Express and Fallen Angels, a lot of evidences are presented in order to see the mixing of Eastern and Western identity and cultures. Wong’s use of film speed is also considered an aspect of the French New Wave wherein shots are rapid and ta ken in open fields such as at streets instead of closed ones like studios.Brief Synopsis of Wong Kar Wai’s Five FilmsI.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chungking ExpressThe story is divided into two parts: the story of Cop 223 and Cop 633. It was told sequentially while most of its locations never changed, just like the Midnight Express food stall where both cops goes to. Both stories talk about each character’s way of moving on and healing while alienating themselves amidst the things happening around them.II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fallen AngelsThe story follows the life of Leon, an assassin who struggles between his profession and the affection his partner Michelle shows to him. Some people say that the film is a continuation or a sequel of the 1994 Wang’s movie Chungking Express. The story tackles almost the same themes presented in Chungking Express such as one’s ali enation and disconnection to self and love in a postmodern age and society.III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Happy TogetherReleased in 1997, the story is about a gay couple who is in the verge of reconciliation while having a vacation in Argentina. The two came from constant cycle of physical abuse and reconciliation. However, at the end of the story, they finally departed as the story closes with one of them, Lai Yiu-fai, visiting alone the Iguaza Falls—the place where he and his ex- partner had planned to visit.IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Mood for LoveThe story was set in 1960s Hong Kong narrating the lives of two married people. Chow Mo-Wan, a journalist, met in an apartment the secretary So Lai-zhen. With both of their spouses having an affair, the two easily got hooked with each other. Realizing that what they are doing is wrong, they decided to end the relationship and part their ways. They never meet again a lthough both of them tried to communicate with the other one. The film closes with Chow whispering in a hole his secrets and putting a mud on it eventually.V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2046This is the third part that completes the trilogy of Wong, starting from the Days of Being Wild up to In the Mood for Love. Although a sequel of the first two films, 2046 is a science- fiction film took place in a train coming from or to year 2046.Analysis and Connections of the Five FilmsCharacters in Wong Kar Wai’s films are presented each with individual identities and isolations. Yet he managed to get connection  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   each one a connection to the other one. In most stories, Wong never gives the focus to one main character only. For example, in Chungking Express the narrator is not only one but two. Wong, as said earlier, focused on the details of his films rather than on its totality. In addition, being a follower of th e Italian Neo realism, Wong uses non- actors as his actors.The plots of the films, on the other hand, embody all of Wong’s perceptions about Hong Kong’s socio-political status. Some argues that his plots are disoriented and without focus, but in my opinion, Wong is a postmodern innovative and creative storyteller without boundaries for artistic impetus.Meanwhile, Wong Kar Wai as a storyteller seems to love infusing the idea of time in his stories. Take for example his films Chungking Express, Fallen Angels, Happy Together, In the Mood for Love, and 2046. All of the films are products of Wong’s creation and portrayal of time as something homogenous and short- lived. The characters in his stories are sometimes trapped in dreams which they cannot escape by relying to time. For example, in Chungking Express, Faye constantly sings the song California Dreamin’ which I think is Wong’s own way of expressing how dreams can trap time, especially in a city li ke Hong Kong where everything seems to run in a hurry, even time itself.Wong’s use of language is another factor that one could consider analyzing him as a storyteller. In most of his stories, Wong used conversational dialogues that prevent them from being misunderstood. Wong is also famous for his successful use of monologues at the start and at the end of the film.In terms of his directing talent and skills, however, I personally think that Wong has no definite structure or direction. It seems to me that his directing is too open and without focus. Although it can be argued that Wong’s style in directing is a product brought about by his personal preferences and influences, I still think that he gives his audience a hard time in understanding the messages he wants to convey in his films.His use of camera and lighting are also revolutionary. The most salient characteristic of Wong’s use of these elements is the speed of his film shots. Most of the time, Wong ut ilizes shots that are rapid and highly stylized, giving a more defined tone, atmosphere, and emotions to his films.Asian movies of contemporary directors like Raise the Red Lantern, Police Story, and The Killer, just like Wong Kar Wai’s films, also talks about past and current socio-political issues. Raise the Red Lantern, for example, is said to be a critique of the Chinese communist authoritarianism set during 1920s. This movie is also acclaimed for tits successful use of vivid colors that Wong also infuses in his films. The Police Story, on the other hand, shows a current social and political scenario in Hong Kong as it tackles about the city’s uprising crime incidences. Finally, The Killer, as compared to Wong’s films, evokes intense emotions as it tries to capture the idea of love, friendship, and violence. The story’s main protagonist is a hitman which Wong also has in one of his films.Wong, with his daring and modern methods in storytelling and dir ecting, proves to be an auteur worth of what he is receiving today. A postmodern in innovativeness and creativity, Wong Kar Wai is an efficient storyteller and but not yet an effective director. However, although his directing skills are found to be lacking in direction and control, surely his personal and socio- political views are still his best weapons why his films are considered as wonderful creations.

Human Cloning Essays (553 words) - Cloning, Molecular Biology

Human Cloning Alvin A. Soriano February 14, 2000 A pleasant morning Ladies and Gentlemen. I would like to share my views on why cloning should be legalized in the Philippines. We, the experts in the Institute of Technological Technologies feel that with the careful continuation of research, the technological benefits of cloning clearly outweigh the possible social consequences. We think that final products of cloning, like farm animals, and laboratory mice will not be the most important achievement. The applications of cloning as we envision are not nightmarish and inhumane, but will improve the overall quality of science and life. Cloning will help to produce discoveries that will effect the study of genetics, cell development, human growth, and obstetrics. Human cloning is not the issue. It is merely a threat to the continuation of cloning research. The arguments of my peers and other experts are as follows: According to Sir Colin Campbell of Nottingham University, cloning experiments may add to the understanding of genetics and lead to the creation of animal organs that can be easily accepted by humans. This would supply limitless organs to those in need. The growth of the human organs is similar to the growth at which cancer cells propagate. If information derived from cloning research allows scientists to stop the division of the human ovum, a technique for terminating cancer may be found. Therefore, if cloning is legalized research for human spare parts and the cure for cancer will endure. Being successful in making this dream a reality will become distinct. My second argument came from the brilliant mind of Susanne Hutner who is a director of two biotechnological program at the University of California. She said that cloning could also be used for parents who risk passing a defect to a child. A fertilized ovum could be cloned, and the duplicate tested for disease and disorder. If the clone was free from defects, then other would be as well. The latter could be implanted in the womb. Dr. George Seidel Jr., a distinguished Physiology professor at the Colorado State University, said that damage to the nervous system could be treated through cloning. Damaged adult nerve tissue does not regenerate on its own. However, stem cells might be able to repair the damaged tissue. Because of the large number of cells required, human embryo cloning would be required. In in-vitro fertilization, a doctor often implants many fertilized ova into a woman's uterus and counts on one resulting in pregnancy. However, some women can only supply one egg. Through cloning, that egg could be divided into eight zygotes for implanting. The chances of pregnancy would be much greater. Therefore, because cloning can bring medical and also scientific breakthroughs, it is imperative that cloning be legalized. It is like a cave wherein there is lots of gold but no one tries to mine there because there is a belief that ghosts dwell in that certain cave! Ladies and Gentlemen: we can say that life is the most important possession we have. The only thing that we propose is give us the chance to preserve this life that you cherish. Through cloning we can not only preserve life but also let the people enjoy it by not having the burden of having dangerous diseases and congenital defects. Bibliography nothin... Speech and Communication Essays

Coal Seam Gas Case

Coal Seam Gas Case Introduction This paper is aimed at discussing the case of coal seam gas (CSG). This gas is a critical source of energy for many countries, including Australia. Nevertheless, its extraction is associated with several environmental risks such as water and soil pollution.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Coal Seam Gas Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Overall, this issue is of great concern to policy-makers who need to reconcile two important values, namely the economic development of the country and the need to protect the natural environment of the country. This is why this case has been selected among others. In particular, it is necessary to discuss the connection between the protection of natural environment and different ethical theories. One of the main tasks is to show how these ethical frameworks can be applied to this particular situation. Overall, this analysis can be a useful tool for policy-makers. One should mention that environment is critical for people living in Australia because this aspect is closely related to the quality of life in this country as well as its economy. Background It should be noted that the pollution of water and soil becomes a critical concern for Australian policy-makers as the country grows economically and demographically (Thompson Maginn, 2012, p. 174). They lay stress on the need to control the actions of organizations who are responsible for pollution. For example, much attention is paid to the work of the extraction industry. In turn, the extraction of coal seam gas in Australia began in 1996 (Manning, 1996, p. 23).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since that time, there have been numerous campaigns against this activity. In particular, the production of coal seam gas can lead to the pollution of existing aquifers (Prosser, 2011, p . 23). This issue is particularly relevant if one speaks about the threats to famous Pilliga forest. Moreover, the water, which was contaminated in this way, can significantly damage the quality of soil. These are some of the main aspects that should be considered. It is possible to apply different ethical theories in order to analyze this case. For example, one can speak about deontological ethics, according to which the morality of an action is mostly based on its adherence to the principles and rules established in the community (Bredeson, 2011, p. 7)). Provided that a person violates these rules, his behavior is considered immoral, even if leads to good outcomes. In turn, it is important to speak about utilitarian ethics according to which the consequences of an action is the major criterion according to which the morality should be assessed (Bredeson, 2011, p. 7). Utilitarianism and deontological ethics can be viewed as the two most influential approaches to decision-making. Mo reover, they provide different tools for the assessment of the choices that people can take. This is why they have been chosen. Finally, one should consider the stakeholder theory which is useful for analyzing the duties of an organization. According to this model, businesses or public organizations should consider the impacts that it produces on the community in general (Weiss, 2008, p. 118). This framework is helpful for evaluating the activities of organizations. Reference List Bredeson, D. (2011). Applied Business Ethics: A Skills-Based Approach. New York,  NY: Cengage Learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Coal Seam Gas Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Manning, P. (2013). What the Frack? Everything you need to know about coal seam  gas. Melbourne, Australia: NewSouth. Prosser, I. (2011). Water: Science and Solutions for Australia. Melbourne: CSIRO Thompson, S., Maginn, P. (2012). Planning Australia : An Overview of Urban and  Regional Planning. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Weiss, J. (2008). Business Ethics: A Stakeholder and Issues Management  Approach. New York, NY: Cengage Learning.

LEAP organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LEAP organization - Essay Example The non-profit organization was separated from its own body by the initiator through the assistance of Becky Moore of the United Way and Pastor Tommy Vallejo. It later on became the leap and got its IRS 501 (c) 3 statuses on 29th April, 2009. In addition, Pastor Harris was also active in opening the Emmanuel Family Life Center for the organization to function (Clarksville Online, 2015). The leap organizations have made strong partnerships with the home, business community, media and organizations helping the youth in the society since it opened its doors. The leap organization expects all middle and high school students to take part in a media contest (Leaporg.net, 2014). The students make multimedia products like videos, posters, websites, games, photo essays, public service statements, and documentaries. These products focus on the importance of institution learning and how to get ready for it. The leap organization build up and reinforce communities of dynamic nationality with values of enlightenment, academic achievement, leadership, and perseverance through hope, faith and love by offering tutoring, mentoring, affordable housing, and various assistance programs (Leaporg.net, 2014). The organization also give educational field trips, counseling, career development, and community service learning opportunities for students’ aged 11 to 18 years at no cost. These are some of the services and products of a leap organization: The youths that willingly register in the organization’s agenda benefit from inventive and amusing leadership forums. The youths gain knowledge and apply necessary skills of leadership, for instance, conflict resolution, team building, goal setting, public speaking, and etiquette. The leap organization provides a project based, hands on learning understanding for the youth during interactive job inclination training (Leaporg,

Parenting Plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parenting Plans - Essay Example Parenting plans must be in writing and must integrate important aspects of the law adhering to the best interest of the child. HRS 571-46.5 requires that a parenting plan be submitted by both parents in a disputed child custody proceeding. Both parties have the option to submit a joint or individual parenting plans. Parties involved must mutually agree on the proposed parenting plan if they were to submit it jointly. But if they have individual desires, they are mandated to submit their recommended parenting plans separately. Joint custody does not have to mean that each parent gets equal time with the child. What is essential is for them to share custody and come up with a custody schedule where both parents get involved with the child. A parenting plan must contain details concerning child visitation, schedules, decision making designation, access to important record or information and other provisions concerning the child. Detailed information regarding child visitation schedule a nd residential schedule is a must to avoid timetable overlap and future arguments. Regarding the schedule for holidays, birthdays and vacations, it should include when the schedule begins, when it will end and a provision for additional day extension.

Evaluation of Barclays Bank in india Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Evaluation of Barclays Bank in india - Essay Example Due to the high interest rate and the increasing purchasing power of the Indian economy, the banking sector is on high demand. During this period, many foreign banks expanded their business to India as the economy of the country was growing at a very high rate of 8% per annum. The country provides ample opportunity for corporate banking, retail banking, micro finance and consumer financial banking sector (Bosworth, Collins & Virmani, 2007, p.23). Barclays took the opportunity of the growing economy in India and adopted the expansion strategy by introducing retail banking in the country. India is expected to grow massively in the coming years and since the bank has started from scratch, it has a big advantage as it does not have any legacy systems. In retail sector, the bank has introduced personal loans and cards business and also NRI business plans within few days of launch. Though the bank doesn’t have many branches in India with the advancement of technology like internet b anking, the Indian customers are ready to operate with the branchless foreign banks which helped Barclays to explore more and more (Sciglimpaglia & Ely, 2010). 2. Analysis of environment 2.1 PESTLE Analysis The Pestle analysis is mainly done by the companies in order to find the environmental influence of the country on a business sector. Indian Banking sector is not much affected by the political government policies as compared to other developing countries because of the robust framework policy of free trade of the Reserve Bank of India. Indian economy has had a growth rate of around 8-9% during the last 3 years. 54% of the GDP of India was contributed by the service sector during 2006-2007 (Cetorelli & Gambera, 2002, p.617-648). The socio-cultural factors are also changing people’s lifestyle and their behavior continuously. The people of any developing country often demand high class products leading to the requirement of money from banks, thus ensuring a good prospect for Barclays bank. India with second highest population (1.17 billion) with literacy rate of 61% is very advanced technologically thus giving a great opportunity for Barclays to implement core banking system in India (Kamath et. al, 2003, p.84). Barclays use latest technologies like internet & mobile banking, CMA, NEFT, RTGS, INFINET, and Core Banking to get an extra edge over its competitors (IDRBT, 2004). But the Indian Government’s legislature and the farming policy for providing short term agricultural loans affects the banking sector on its profit in India. Indian environmental factor is very favorable for the agricultural development and thus the farmers’ needs are provided by Barclays through several customer centric schemes (Mohan, 2005, p.1106). 2.2 Industry life cycle The Indian banking sector can be broadly divided into two major categories i.e. nationalized and privatized bank. With the development in technology and product the nationalized bank are currently in transition stage while on the other hand the privatized bank like Barclays have crossed the transition phase with the implementation of technologies into their system. Since there is constant growth in technological and product it’s very difficult to determine a specific industry life cycle in banking sector. Thus taking into consideration the major areas of advancements, Roussakis

Environmental Ethics And Social Responsibility

Environmental Ethics And Social Responsibility Environmental ethics has become a hot topic of the modern era. Gone are the days of our natural surroundings being an afterthought. We, as a society, are now fully aware of the natural habitat in which we are a part of, what it does for us, and what we do and can do for it. This is significant as this recognition was, for the most part, absent until just a few decades ago. The following paper will illustrate how although we have come a long way in realizing natures true essence and our negligence of this respect, we still have a lot of work to do in honing these moralistic views, because the Earth is not just for human beings and if we dont continue to acknowledge this, it may just fight back. In centuries past, society paid little attention to nature and its non-human inhabitants other than how it can benefit mankind. Whether it was for food, work, or pleasure, nature only was recognized for human gain. We were very much an anthropocentric civilization, meaning, we only assigned intrinsic value to human beings only or there was a greater intrinsic value placed on humans above all non-human life forms (Brennan Lo, 2008). It was even a strong religious belief that everything on Earth was put here by God for human consumption. Everything was assumed to be at our disposal. From trees to animals, if we had a need for it, it was used. Add to this that our population throughout history has grown exponentially and this means even more people contributing to this carelessness. Over time, individuals were not the only ones disregarding nature, entities such as businesses were too. As industries were discovered and grew they not only used our natural resources but contaminated them as well through pollution and waste. Though noted historical figures such as naturalist Aldo Leopold (1949), biologist Rachel Carson (1963) and historian Lynn White Jr. (1967) helped to pioneer environmental awareness, it wasnt until April 22, 1970 that reform really began to take place. That particular day was labeled Earth Day in the United States and it was a day used to bring consciousness to the endangerment and value of our environment (Earth Day still is recognized annually every April to this day). In addition to this event, NASA produced a shocking and enlightening image of the Earth taken from space at Christmas 1968 and featured in the Scientific American in September 1970 that really propelled public interest. Here, plain to see, was a living, shining planet voyaging through space and shared by all humanity, a precious vessel vulnerable to pollution and to the overuse of its limited capacities (Brennan Lo, 2008), concern became evident. All of the use and subsequent ab use combined with a constant booming population produced a need for a change, hence environmental ethics was born. Environmental ethics, defined, is a branch of philosophy that considers the moral relations between human beings and their natural environment; as a field of study, it assumes that humans have certain responsibilities to the natural world, and it seeks to help people and their leaders become aware of them and to act responsibly when they do things that impact the natural world (ScienceClarified, 2010). Not only do environmental ethics highlight the human mistreatment of the environment and the effects of this mistreatment, but it emphasizes nature and all living organisms as having just as much right to live/exist on this Earth as humans do. Two schools of thought, though various forms exist, are consistent with environmental ethics: deep ecology and shallow ecology. Deep ecology is a philosophical belief that all forms of life- plant, animal, human- have an intrinsic right to exist in the natural environment and that humans have a direct responsibility to maintain the environment fo r all life forms; whereas shallow ecology holds that humans have a responsibility to protect the environment so it can support human life both in the present and in the future (ScienceClarified, 2010). While deep ecology is more so the ultimate goal, both philosophies are a major change in thought when compared to our anthropocentric past. Do other species have an intrinsic right to exist? Does the Earth exist just for the benefit of humanity? Are humans responsible for being the guardians over the Earth? Do trees have any legal rights? Are we obligated to have concern for future generations? Questions such as these, among many others, are what drive environmental ethics. Now that we know what environmental ethics is and a little of its history we can take a look at where we stand today on environmental ethics. Unfortunately, today we still face an enormous amount of environmental issues which include: air and water pollution, erosion of soil, deforestation, diminishing natural resources, biodiversity destruction (plant and animal extinction), and ozone layer depletion, among others. Most of these matters were becoming a problem when we were first introduced to environmental ethics and have actually increased tenfold since. This doesnt make sense, why would these problems still exist, let alone be worse now when the human race has shown concern regarding them? The answer is not easy but it mostly has to do with human nature and overpopulation. The increase in human population increases the demands for the water resources; more land is required for housing; there is an increased demand for food for which agricultural land is needed; more fuel is requir ed; more automobiles and manufacturers cause more pollution etc.(Pillai, 2009). Compound this with the mere fact that humans always want more and something better, thus continually increasing ones lifestyle, whether it is through breakthroughs in technology or industrial progresses (among many others), takes it toll on the environment as well. Even though the realm of environmental ethics has enabled many agencies to exist, such as the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), to help monitor and regulate the people and their treatment of the environment, as well as educating them, more must be done. Looking towards the future, the function of environmental ethics will become even more substantial. As the planet is under enormous geological stresses, which are continually increasing, it will in the future no longer be able to support its population (Haan, 2009). Effort from nations, organizations, and groups are most certainly needed to improve, but our future may just depend on a better individual effort. Most people are under the impression that their individual effort is so minute in the grand scheme of things that they actually assume very little responsibility towards the environment. Another problem is that the majority of humankind doesnt understand just how their actions of today can greatly affect the future generation. Just because something that is done today doesnt have an immediate effect it is often overlooked. It is important to understand that everyone plays a role in the overall process of life; each persons decision can ultimately affect the future (Haan, 2009). Some individual efforts that can make a difference concerning our environmental future are: reducing usage of plastic since it is not biodegradable, recycling garbage, promoting the development and use of environment friendly technologies, and utilizing more organic agriculture. Another big change that may be needed, though it can be controversial, is to implement aggressing family planning to limit human population; there is only so much land available and no matter how many alterations we make in our lifestyles and mentality, too many people is too many peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but that is topic for another day. Nevertheless, our insights and actions towards the environment are critical for the future of our survival, environmental ethics are imperative. In short, if we want to see a future it is imperative that we make more of an effort to curb our indulgences as we make progress. Yes, advancement in technology, big business and the like has benefited mankind greatly but we all must keep in mind that with greater success comes greater responsibility. The study of environmental ethics has opened our eyes but we must continue to respect nature in its own right and therefore it will in turn thrive again as it once did enabling us to live as we should. Yes, it shouldnt be a give and take scenario but being the humans that we are, this is inevitable. However, just as we have taken from nature for so many years, nature can and just may take something back, it may take us, the existence of the human race, if we dont take more responsibility as individuals and as a whole and continue to push the movement.

Longevity research Essay

Today, a great amount of people have learned to enjoy life once again as a senior in the community. This would speak of those in the 70’s and beyond. Life expectancy for Americans, which was a mere 49 years in 1900, has now increased to around 76 years. This we can say is due to improvements in health care, nutrition, and the overall standard of living. Not only are people living longer, but they are becoming more active in their older age, relative to elderly of the past. More older Americans are able carry out their own â€Å"instrumental activities of daily living† (Hodes 2003) As such, the desire for life has grown and billions have been poured into longevity research, an undertaking meant to discover ways and means to extend life. A vast motivation in science has been well-funded to discover how to keep man alive longer, with its aim toward more and more years. (Douglas 2006) There are concerns however one must view in light of this, namely, will a society with many living over a hundred years be actually as beautiful as it seems to present? The first concern would be the quality of life given that although the body may be kept health, the brain will be aging. Surely, the mind at the age of 110 is not as lucid as that of one at the age of 60. There are many diseases that correlate with the aging brain, but let us use the more common Alzheimer’s disease as an example. This is a devastating condition that has been seen to have a profound impact on individuals, families, the health care system, and society as a whole. Demographic studies suggest that if the current trends maintain themselves, the annual number of incident cases of this disease will begin a sharp increase in the year 2030 thereabouts. (Alzheimer’s association 2009) This will be a time that people born between 1946 and 1964 will all be over 65 years. Studies further show that by the year 2050, the number of Americans with the disease could double. Imagine these implications. It’s true that people live longer, but then what quality of life can one have if he lives 20 years more but has lost memory of his family and friends. This disease accounts for around 50-50% of cases of dementia. With increase longevity, there will be a large increase in the prevalence of the disease as people will be living to be older. It can be such difficulty to the individual to live in a condition where for years he is grasping at memories that he cannot recall. It’s an incredible burden to the family as well, as they will now be responsible for more elderly, living longer lives, incapable of self care, and maybe even incapable of recognizing kin. Imagine a scenario where a parent is 110 years old, their child being 85 and their grandchild at 60, how would it be feasible for the turn of care to pass from parent to child in such a scenario where all are classifiable as aged. A second concern is that apart from the aging mind, there is also the aging body. It is true that the individual will be living long, but then there are multitudes of risks that will accompany this. The wear and tear from all the years will now set in as he will now be more prone to multitudes of disease as years go by. Sicknesses like arthritis of the joints, a heart attack, stokes, cataracts, diabetes and many more will all now be factors that come into play. Even worse, should the person gain a long-playing debilitating condition, one with no cure such as the case of Alzheimer’s previously mentioned, then again what kind of quality of life can he sustain? Let’s take a stroke for example. Currently, a stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States. Statistics show that over 143,579 people die each year in the United States from this condition. Now in terms of long term disability, stroke is the leading cause as people may live on with their life span after a completed stroke. Furthermore, having a stroke does not mean that a person cannot have another one to further cause disability. Now, it is seen that nearly three-quarters of all strokes occur in people over the age of 65. It is also noted that the risk of having a stroke more than doubles each decade after the age of 55. (Internet Stroke Center 2009) This is not even accounting for those who go through strokes at a young age. Now, given this data, imagine the risk for one who is to live until 120 years old. Imagine if a large bulk of population were to live this long, then the worldwide prevalence of stroke survivors would be high. After a stroke, it is very possible for one to lose control of speech, of movement in half a body, of mobility, and sometimes even requiring full time nursing care. The implications on a person and a family would be immense. Given that strokes occur generally in people over 65, imagine having one at 70 and then living for 40 more years. How would one survive that lone without the capacity to communicate. It’s true that one can live with the heart beating, but the question is in terms of quality of life. Another concern that also affects health will be the incidence of depression. A longer life for one spouse would mean having to live through the death of loved ones. Longevity increases the number of years one would live past the death of a spouse and family. Studies can increase life but imagine a scenario where a parent has to live past his spouse children and grandchildren. Again, the concern regarding quality of life comes in play is emotional makeup is indeed a very important aspect of human life. Rebecca Utz, a sociologist at ISR stated: â€Å"While only about 6 percent of widowed persons had serious financial problems since their spouse died, 63 percent reported less income and 34 percent said their financial strain increased significantly after they were widowed. The negative economic consequences are even more pronounced for women than they are for men, and the declines are lasting, not a temporary drop associated with funeral expenses or estate planning. † (About. com 2009) This itself is proof of how one’s death can affect an individual, not only in terms of health and emotion, but in terms of capability to function as well. Increasing longevity means increasing the chances that people will outlive one, or even more spouses, and have to deal with many deaths for many years. Depression rates will increase as a consequence of spouses living well past their mates, their children and maybe even their grandchildren. A study conducted showed that eighty-four (24%) of 350 widows and widowers met criteria for depressive episodes at 2 months, 72 (23%) of 308 did so at 7 months, and 46 (16%) of 286 did so at 13 months, further supporting this claim that depression and emotional consequences of too much longevity should be of concern. (Zisook, S & Shuchter, S. 1991) A fourth point that should raise concern for biologic implications for longevity revolve around care for the elderly. Today, families turn to nursing homes and assisted living to give the elderly the care and attention they need. The alarming factor now revolves around what actual care they are receiving in these places, as a congressional report made by CBS news correspondent Bill Whitaker previously stated that around 1,600 U. S. nursing homes, nearly one-third of all in total, have been cited for abuse. These reported abuses were of various types, spanning from physical, sexual and verbal. All abuse in all these forms is on the rise. The report further noted that that more than twice as many nursing homes were cited for abuse in 2000 than in 1996. It was further seen that in 1,601 nursing homes , around 1 in 10 abuse citations were made in serious incidents. By serious, it was meant that they either put residents at great risk of harm, injured them or killed them. (CBS news 2001) Imagine how greatly the health of these poor elderly could be affected by increased longevity. Already at this current time with our elderly, society is unable to provide adequate care for them, and resorting to nursing homes and various assisted living environments that have led to elderly abuse. What more an increase can be expected if people were to live into the hundreds. The population would have a drastic increase in the aged, thus increasing the burden on society to care for them. If at this current day and age, society already is unable to manage the abuse problem, then the health implications of longevity are grave in that they will aggravate the abuse by increasing the number of elderly left alone. Investigators have further said that many violations are neither detected nor reported, which leads officials to conclude that the problem is even underestimated. Surely, if society cannot currently manage the elderly and provide a good, healthy and safe environment for them, then there is no way that society can do so after a further increase in the aged that longevity research will bring. My fifth and final concern regarding longevity lies in the fact that it will now place a large amount of population that has needs to be fulfilled but cannot fulfill them on its own. Increasing longevity will increase the number of senior citizens and the number of non-working elderly dependent. The health concerns for this are immense, as the question that can now be raised is regarding who in society will provide for the health of these individuals who cannot earn a living for themselves. CDC research concerns states that the increased number of people with ages over 65 will potentially lead to increased health-care costs. The health-care cost per capita for persons from the age group over 65 years in the United States is three to five times greater than the cost for persons below that age. (CDC 2003) Imagine how this will increase if people were to live 20 years longer. Currently, the number of persons aged >65 years is expected to rise from around 35 million in 2000 to an estimated 71 million in 2030. Longevity will even increase this number. Eventually, as resources will decline, then there will not be enough economic support to support the aged, leading to substandard healthcare and health risks. There may not be enough to provide them with medical needs, particularly because the working population may be outnumbered by the dependent elderly non-working populous. As such, in conjunction with many other previously discussed claims, the promise of longevity, although seemingly tempting, may not exactly be as, wonderful as it seems to be. WORKS CITED About. com:Mental health (2009) ‘Losing a Spouse: What Hurts and What Helps [online] Available from [April 6, 2009] Alzheimers association (2009) ‘What is Alzheimer’s’[online] Available from [April 6, 2009] CBS news (2001) ‘Nursing Home Abuse Increasing’ [online] Available from [April 6, 2009] CDC (2003) ‘Public Health and Aging: Trends in Aging — United States and Worldwide’ MMWR weekly[online] Available from [April 6, 2009] Douglas, J. (2006) ‘New longevity research center launched to study supercentenarians’ Natural News [online] Available from < http://www. naturalnews. com/020701. html> [April 6, 2009] Hodes, R. (2003) ‘Human Longevity and Aging Research’. Special Committee on Aging [online] Available from [April 6, 2009] Internet Stroke Center (2009) ‘Stroke Statistics’ [online] Available from [April 6, 2009] Zisook, S & Shuchter, S. (1991) ‘Depression through the first year after the death of a spouse ’ Am J Psychiatry [online] Available from [April 6, 2009]

Literary Devices in “The Woman at the Store” Essay

There are many different literary devices used in Katherine Mansfields The Woman at the Store, they are used effectively. Regularly Mansfield uses personification, characterization and irony. This short essay will show what the main literary devices are in this story. Irony has a significant literary device in this story; the storys plot is enormously ironic. The reader expects that the womans husband will be coming back soon, but he is dead already, which is ironic. The reader does not expect that the child knows that her mother killed her father. And that this is shown in something as pure as a drawingAnother key literary device in this story is her characterization. She characterizes the characters in this story so realistically that the reader has the idea that he has known the characters for all long time already, and he can visualize them perfectly. For example, when Mansfield writes about Jo: Not once that day he had sung I dont care, for dont you see, my wifes mother was in front of me! It was the first that we had been without it for a month, and now there seemed something uncanny in his silence. With this sentence the reader knows that Jo normally is a happy man, that he likes to sing, that he does not like mother-in-laws and that he now knows that something special is going to happen. Another important literary device is the use of personification. One good example is: the sun pushed through the pale clouds and shed a vivid light over the scene. This describes how the sun found a hole to shine through.  There are many different literary devices used in The Woman at the Store but irony, characterization and personification are some key devices and Katherine Mansfield uses them well but that is what she is famous for.

Fitzgerald Research Paper Essays

Fitzgerald Research Paper Essays Fitzgerald Research Paper Paper Fitzgerald Research Paper Paper Essay Topic: Short Stories of F Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald lived during the time of the Great Depression, where money was low In almost every household. This pushed Fitzgerald favorite topic of a poor boy becoming rich Into the American public. Dexter, the mall character In Winter Dreams went from being an average boy that was living a good life to a rich man because of the love he had for a wealthy girl named Judy Jones. Through, Winter Dreams Fitzgerald explained the major events of his own life. Although many critics believed that Fitzgerald had a great talent in writing and he lived a great life, some live that he wasted the talent that was given to him by drinking and shortening his life every day. Many believe that he was responsible for his own death. Fitzgerald did not come from a wealthy family; however the family was considered upper- middle class. Fitzgerald was born to Edward and Mollie Fitzgerald on September 24th 1896 In Saint Paul Minnesota. Since his parents were strong Catholics, they sent him to two different private schools. The first one was the Holy Angel in New York, and later after having some money problems they moved back to Minnesota and he tended SST Paul Academy. The most well known school that Fitzgerald went was Princeton. While he was there he wrote for the Nassau magazine as well as the Princeton Tiger school newspaper. He attended Princeton for a few years until World War One began. At the time of the war the country was flooding with nationalism and many young fit boys were enlisting to play their role for their country. And of course Fitzgerald Joins with his fellow classmates. : After Fitzgerald came home from the war, he started his writing career with his first novel, This Side of Paradise. This novel spooned greatly and was an instant, famous American novel at the time. After a few short stories for magazines such as Winter Dreams, he published his second novel, The Great Gatsby. This novel was also a great success and the American public loved his work. Fitzgerald wrote his best work when he was the most popular (Bryant and Pits 5). However, after The Great Gatsby, his career In writing started to go downhill E was dead as an author before he was dead (Chain. E. Charles 77). This was because he and his lovely wife were partying every day, and they had become heavy drinkers. By the near end of Fitzgerald life, everything was completely broken. His wife was in a hospital because she was having Psychotic episodes, and he had a really bad habit of abusing alcohol. He passed away by the age of forty four. Winter Dreams portrays an average American kid growin g up to living the American dream, or at least trying to do so. The story takes place in a few different states throughout the United States. Winter Dreams passes by summer, fall winter and spring quickly showing us how fast time is passing by in the story. Dexter, the main character starts if the story In the state of Minnesota. HIS part time Job was to be a caddie, and he was pretty good at his Job, Dexter falls In love with a beautiful, stunning girl named Judy Jones. However, the fantasies that Dexter has for Judy cannot play out because of the class difference between Judy and Dexter. Judos family is considered wealthy Judy Dexter decides to get rich and become part of the wealthy life. After college Dexter invests in a laundry business at a town near his home town in Minnesota. This brings Dexter a great deal of money and now he is considered rich. Due to the money e now has he tried his best to fit with the wealthy people in the town. However, he will never be like them because of the fact that he is new money while the others are old money. His plan of getting rich and then getting Judy somewhat plays out right; he gets invited to dinner with the Jones family by Judy. When Dexter is in Judy room he knows that she has had many lovers before but he does not seem to care. Time passes by and one day Dexter realizes that Judy does not actually love him, and he realizes how crazy he was being. To get away from his mistakes he marries a girl named Irene and attempts to forget everything he can about Judy. A few years after his marriage Dexter ends up having an affair with Judy, having realized once again how stupid he was being he moved to east New York with his wife. While he was there he decided to Join the army and take part in WWW. When he returns from the war he learns that Judy Jones is now married, and not only that she has lost the stunning beauty Dexter once loved her for. That is when Dexter knows that his Winter Dreams of being with Judy and all of her money is not gone and he cant ever get it back. Winter Dreams and Fitzgerald life have a direct connection to each other. Dexter lives in a Minnesota for most of the short story and then moved to East New York. These were also the two places that Fitzgerald lived during his life time, he was schooled in New York when he was a boy and later moved to Minnesota due to money troubles. The two main characters in the short story, Dexter and Judy, represent Fitzgerald own love life that he has with Zelda. In the short story Dexter proposes to Judy, and gets rejected. This also happened to Fitzgerald when he first reposed to Zelda. Winter Dreams also shows a direct connection to Fitzgerald personal life as well. Fitzgerald took part in World War One and Dexter also Joins the war in the story. Many critics viewed Winter Dreams as the start of Fitzgerald writing career. This was the story that made him popular with the American reading public. And some people believed that Fitzgerald wrote his best works when he was at his highest level of being an author (Bryant 6). The American public responded well to the Winter Dreams which inspired Fitzgerald to make it into a novel. This wows how Fitzgerald liked to use his short stories as experiments to see how the topic or theme is responded to by the readers. Although Fitzgerald wrote many great short stories and novels, some critics believed that, towards the end of his life his works were nothing compared to his earlier works (Bryant 60). Also many people believe that he was responsible for his own death, because of his drinking problems he was shortening his own life. It was considered wasting his great talent of writing stories and novels ( Chain 77). Fitzgerald was one of the greatest American writers to ever lived, he was brought up in an average family and turned out to be wealthy because he chased and earned the American dream. A few stories like, Winter Dreams represents the American dream and his own life. Although he had a tough adulthood with his wife being a in a hospital and him drinking more than ever, he still tried to keep his dream alive.

New Deal Relief Projects essays

New Deal Relief Projects essays After the major crisis of the banking President F.D.R. faced a new and much more prominent problem; and that was to provide relief and other charities for the families, along with struggling businesses programs that would surely help these families that were in desperate need of it. Administration (PWA) was designed to politicians with the opportunity of these proceedings carefully. The plans included huge public buildings, dams, businesses in particular was the National recovery Administration, (NRA) along with the National Industrial Recovery help businesses by eliminating unfair competition through a series of codes and newly established laws. The laws against combinations of large businesses were maximum hours, and the right to bargain operation that was specifically designed received food and shelter and were paid about $30 a month for their services, and $25 of that monthly sum was intended on providing for their families. Over 250,000 men joined this group, living together in outdoor work such as digging ditches, fighting fires, also restoration and construction of homes. They benefited from the workout, and their families ...

Advantages and disadvantages of private labels Essay

Advantages and disadvantages of private labels - Essay Example A private label may be defined as a label that is unique to a specific retailer. According to Weitz's definition, "Private-label brands, also called store brands, are products developed by a retailer and available for sale only from that retailer (2004)." There are many categories of private labels such as, store brands, store sub-brands, umbrella branding, individual brands and exclusive brands.In order to fully discuss private labels, an original company, Macy's, has been used as an example in this essay. I would like to propose several ideas related to private labels that can help improve Macy's profitability.Macy's was founded by Mr. Rowland Hussey Macy in 1851 and established on Broadway in New York City. In 1896 the store was acquired by Mr. Isidor Strauss and underwent a large expansion during the 1920's and 30's http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy's).Today, it is perhaps as well known for its annual Thanksgiving Day Parade, as its chain of large American department stores. Its flagship store is located in New York City, and currently holds the record for largest department store building.R.H. Macy & Co. merged with Federated Department Stores on 19th December, 1994. Federated merged its Abraham & Straus/Jordan Marsh division with "Macy's East". Federated acquired Woodward & Lothrop/John Wannamaker in 1995. In 1996 Federated purchased and dissolved Broadway Stores and incorporated it into Macy's West. The year 2001 saw the acquisition of the Liberty House chain which had departments and stores in Hawaii and Guam. It was converted into Macy's West. Bon-Macy's (Pacific Northwest) and Burdines-Macy's (Florida) were soon named as Macy's Northwest and Macy's Florida respectively. And Macy's Central Division included the Memphis and Atlanta Macy's became a part of Macy's central division. In 2005, Macy's acquired May Department stores and retained its brand name to be sold at the Macy's store. Thus, May became a private brand for Macy's. This was an important merger for Macy's since Famous-Barr, Filene's, Foley's, Hecht's, The Jones Store, Kaufmann's, L.S. Ayres, Meier & Frank, Robinsons-May, and Strawbridge's were all included in this acquisition. Later the same year Macy's announced that Marshall Field's would be acquired by Macy's and would become the company's North Division. Federated Department Stores has thus successfully eliminated much of its competition by buying them out and converting them to the Macy's nameplate. By 9th September 2006, Macy's will have approximately 850 stores in United States(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy's) . The CEO and Chairman of the store is Terry J. Lundgren and the CFO is Karen M. Hoguet. The vice president of Corporate Communications and External Affairs is James A. Sluzewski (http://www.hoover.com). Macy's has seven divisions, the names of which are provided below; Macy's East Macy's Florida Macy's Midwest Macy's North Macy's Northwest Macy's South Macy's West The top competitors for Macy's are Dillards, Inc (DDS), J.C. Penny Corporation and Saks Incorporated (SKS). The company has a number of subsidiaries and affiliates; namely After Hours Formalwear, Bloomingdale's, Inc., David's Bridal, Inc., and the various regional divisions of Macy's. The company had 232,000 employees in the year 2006 and had a growth rate of 43.30% and (http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/12/12493.html). The annual revenue of the store is 2.5 billion U.S. dollars (http://www.fashioncareerexpo.com/show_co_profile_and_jobs.cfmemployer_id=87&show_id=11). Historically, private labels were inexpensive copies of original designer clothes, often a season or two behind runway fashion. In addition, most of the private labels had a homely feeling to them. However, this is not the case anymore. Trends have drastically changed in the past few years. Whereas private labels were once sold at the back section of departmental stores,

Consequences of Migration in the UK Labor Market Term Paper

Consequences of Migration in the UK Labor Market - Term Paper Example It has been determined that people have the tendency of shifting in other places, where growth or economic development can be seen. Due to a lack of work opportunity or unemployment people have over the years preferred to move in developed cities or places for working opportunity. In this regard, it has been also observed that in developed countries such as the United Kingdom (UK) and the United State of America (USA) the effect of migration can be viewed highly in labor market. It can be evidently asserted that in the modern era, it will be very difficult to identify such examples, where people rather preferred to be born, live and die under the same roof significantly.In this concerned discussion, the main aim is to highlight how migration has led to changes in the labor market of the United Kingdom. In addition, the study with a focus on reviewing pertinent literature will also emphasize how migration can affect human resource management (HRM) in an international setting.         In accordance with Bauer & Zimmermann (1999), unemployed workers’ from central and Eastern Europe (within the EU) have moved towards the UK for job opportunities. According to a report, it has been observed that the wages of the UK labor market have been higher than that of central Europe and EU labor market indeed (Bauer & Zimmermann, 1999). Over the years, it has been observed that the pressure of migration has increased significantly. At the same time, it has been also determined that the migration has not only happened in central Europe and EU but also it has been seen in different territories such as America, Africa, and Asian countries. The impact of high-level immigrants has been also seen in the political environment and economy of the United Kingdom. Due to the high amount of immigrants the UK market has been affected in a number of ways. Consequently, the labor market has become more congested and as an effect, the wages of labors have been reduced specifically. Sim ultaneously, the availability of migrant labors has led towards unemployment issues in the United Kingdom.