Sigmund Freud s Treatment Plan - 2983 Words

Sigmund Freud: Treatment Plan According to Psychoanalysis Theory. HUED 513 Rebecca Sullivan September 23rd, 2014 Dr. Conaway Sigmund Freud: Treatment Plan According to Psychoanalysis Theory. According to Ryckman (2012), the definition of personality is â€Å"Despite the many definitions of the term, investigators generally agree that personality is the dynamic and organized set characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations† (p. 4). Many people in the field of psychology have developed their own theories of personality in hopes of understanding people better and getting a grasp on human behavior. According to Sharf (2012), one of the first individuals to use psychoanalysis and psychotherapy was Sigmund Fraud. Sigmund Freud’s theory of how to perform psychoanalysis was considered to be the best through 1930s- 1950s and most of the main theorists were trained under Freud’s psychoanalysis theory (Sharf, 2012). Sigmund Freud was born in May 6th, 1856 in a town called Moravia in Czechoslovakia (Freud, 1963). He became a doctor not because of his Jewish decent, but mainly because he was drawn to human behavior (Freud, 1963). Over the years he became a doctor and began to develop his own theories. One that is of importance pertaining to personality is what he called the levels of consciousness (Sharf, 2012). According to Sharf (2012), Freud believed that there were three levelsShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud. Briana Gates. Mr. Wiles. Psyc 43101-01:1611 Words   |  7 Pages Sigmund Freud Briana Gates Mr. Wiles PSYC 43101-01: History and Systems of Psychology February 25, 2017 On May 6, 1856, a baby by the name of Sigmund Freud was born, in a what is now known as the Czech Republic (Schultz Schultz, 2012). After moving around a bit, Freud eventually settled in Vienna, and spent most his life there. It is without question that Sigmund Freud is a well-known name, and that he can be considered the father of what is known as psychoanalysis, seeing as how heRead MoreSigmund Freud On Modern Psychology And Schools Of Thought1691 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939), a Jewish Viennese doctor, developed psychoanalysis at the end of the 19th Century as a form of therapy which seeks to cure mental disorders and their physical manifestations by ‘investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind’ (Concise Oxford Dictionary). Freud’s work and philosophy played a large part in the development of Western liberal humanist understanding of meaning and purpose. Freud believed that the goal of the adultRead MoreDescribe and critically evaluate the psychoanalytical approach1148 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe and Critically Evaluate the Psychoanalytical Approach Plan: 1.Introduction 2.Methods and Discoveries 3.Model of Personality 4.Stages 5.Therapies 6.Criticisms, Evaluations and Research 7.Conclusion The psychoanalytical approach is a controversial doctrine based on the system of psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud. Freud was primarily interested in investigating the unconscious mind through the study of dreams, mental illness and everyday slips of the tongue or actions. He conductedRead MoreCounsellors are ‘Born’ not ‘Made’ Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagesvaluable tool in the treatment of mental disorders today. A good starting point would be to explore the history of Counselling, and the methods used and results obtained. In an article published in PhychCentral called ‘History of Physiotherapy’ by Jim Haggerty, M.D. He describes that before the ancient Greeks mental illness was regarded as a person being possessed by evil spirits. However, mental illness was first identified by the ancient Greeks as a medical condition. The treatments used for depressionRead MoreDefense Of The Ego System1602 Words   |  7 Pageswith palliative measures... There are perhaps three such measures: powerful deflections, which cause us to make light of our misery; substitutive satisfactions, which diminish it; and intoxicating substances, which make us insensible to it.† ― Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents The ego is the diplomat between the formidable forces of our biological nature and our conscience. It filters our instinctual desires as well as our desire to live up to our own moral standards through the confinesRead MoreThe Boy Who Never Grew Up Essay2156 Words   |  9 PagesThe Boy Who Never Grew Up John C.W. Young California Baptist University â€Æ' Abstract Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is used to explore Peter Pan and his inability to take his place in a responsible world. Freud’s Oedipus complex is discussed and used to determine the cause of the disconnect from his adulthood and the treatment in which Freud suggests that would able to correct the repressed childhood conflicts that are present due to fears and repressed memories as it’s contributing to Peter’sRead MoreBruno Bettelheim s `` Punishment Versus Discipline ``1910 Words   |  8 Pagespsychoanalysis. Bettelheim informs readers that Vienna is the origin of psychoanalysis stemming from the historical fact that symptoms of insanity were prevalent, and thus observed carefully in Vienna. Additionally, Vienna is also the home of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. One of the prominent cases of a patient who demonstrated insanity was Franz Joseph’s wife, Elizabeth, and the Emperor’s son, Prince Rudolf. Bettelheim describ es that Elizabeth displays the symptoms of an anorexicRead MoreContrasting Psycodynamic, Cognitive Behavioral and Person-Centered Counseling Theories1732 Words   |  7 Pagesdecisions affecting their life. Often counseling is sought out at times of change or crisis, it need not be so, however, as counseling can also help us at any time of our life† (Woods, 2005). Counseling theories are used by counselors as part of their treatment plan for clients. There are many types of theories that counselors can choose from. These theories are usually hosen based on the client needs and what the counselor feel will be most effective. Counselors are not limited to just one theory when itRead MoreSymptoms Of Major Depressive Disorder Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagesstands out is having a disruption in your ability to think or concentrate; affecting your everyday life activities. Then the last sign that has been mentioned is having thoughts about death. These thoughts are not just a fear of dying, but a specific plan in which to die by suicide. Major depressive disorder ?symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning? (DSM-5, 2013, 161). However, depression has not always been classifiedRead MoreCounselling Theories1817 Words   |  8 PagesASSIGNMENT 1: COUNSELLING THEORIES Question 1: Briefly describe the key concepts PSYCHOANAYLYTIC THERAPY This study explored the method of psychoanalytic therapy which was originated by Sigmund Freud as basically deterministic, in the Freudian’s view of human nature. In which free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts, in order to free psychic energy for mature love

History of Christianity and the Christian Church - 603 Words

1) Paul’s main message was that through Jesus, God would give pardon to those who trusted and believed him. He also believed that people can begin the process of salvation present in their own life. He spoke of agape. This is unconditional love. He believed all of Christian concern circled around this. Jesus’s teachings are more about the life her and now. So when he talked about the Kingdom of Heaven, he was thinking of a kingdom here on earth, while Paul thought more about a metaphorical kingdom of people who believe. Another big difference is that Paul believed people are justification by faith; while Jesus focused on doing things –repenting, being baptized –in order to be justified. Jesus spoke to Jesus; Paul spoke to Gentiles, so the law Moses wasn’t as important. 2) In the year 800, Pope Leo named Charlemagne the Holy Roman Empire. This upset the Byzantine emperor because the Byzantines had stood up to barbarians and upheld the faith for years and they didn’t want a western Emperor over them. Things continued to get worse and in 1054, church split into two: Rome Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Catholics. Things that contributed to the schism were the fact that the Roman Catholics tended to be in the west and the Orthodox in the east, and as time went on language differences got in the way. Also, the west put more emphasis on Jesus’s humanity while the east focused on his divinity. Today, the churches accept each other but they cannot take communion in each other’sShow MoreRelatedChristianity And The Christian Church1473 Words   |  6 Pagesglobe, making up the cornerstone of Christ’s most important legacy, Christianity. It is a religion shaped entirely around Jesus’ personal philosophies and ideologies that has forever shaped the course of human history. In order to appreciate the importance of Christianity, first an understanding of the religion itself must be reached. The Christian church teaches that there is one God who created everything. Although Christians believe there is a singular God, he is split into three parts: FatherRead MoreGender, Or Race, And Many Christians Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagesgender, or race, and many Christians did not believe in killing. The apologies demonstrated the fallacy of pagan religions and Christianity. The importance of Christian history provides an example of those who took their faith seriously in the early church. Apologetic writings also explained that Christianity was not new because Jesus was the prophesied Messiah of the Old Testament. 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Pope Shenouda passed away about four years ago and his episcopate lasted for over 40 years. The Coptic church has commonly been referred to by historians as the â€Å"Church of the Martyrs† (A Brief History of the Christian Church). It was given this name due to the desire of martyrdom rather than the multitude of martyrsRead MoreChristianity in Northern Africa Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesI. INTRODUCTION Christianity in Africa is not a recent happening nor is it a product of colonialism if we go back to the very time of the apostle. Christianity in most area was confronted during the centuries after the struggle by Islam, the Christian religion suffered in some measure, but did not disappear. Christianity has been flourishing on the northern part of this continent for years before Islam was born. Christianity in North African seemed to have been well founded deeply entrenched andRead More Role of Christian Faith in Ancient and Contemporary Turkey1487 Words   |  6 PagesRole of Christian Faith in Ancient and Contemporary Turkey Turkey?s population is nearly 99% Muslim, and even though Christianity is a clear minority (1), Turkey has played a major role in the history of the Christian faith.? Turkey is second in the number of Christian biblical sites, Israel being the first, so Turkey contains a wealth of Christian history (2).? Ancient Biblical Heritage: Antioch: Christianity began in 50 AD with Saint Paul, born Saul of Tarsus, located theRead MoreEssay on The Influence of Christianity on Ancient and Modern Greece1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influence of Christianity on Ancient and Modern Greece Problems with format ?From the earliest establishment of Christian churches in Macedonia, Achaia, Epirus, and Crete, to the expansion of the Orthodox Church, Greece has been a formidable landmark for development of Christianity throughout the world.? From its arrival to Greece with the first preaching of Paul, the Christian faith has undergone a unique assimilation into the cultural and philosophical traditions of the Greek peopleRead MoreThe Spread of Christianity1241 Words   |  5 PagesHelp spread the religion Christianity is one of the world’s largest and oldest religions. It has a very diverse history and has gone through many stages to get to where it is today. 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Learning on Sexual Selection and Speciation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Learning on Sexual Selection and Speciation. Answer: Introduction Speciation is an evolutionary process via which the a specific group of populations evolve in order to become distinct species. The concept of speciation and the difference between the species was first elucidated via Orator F. Cook who coined the term cladogeneisis in the year 1906. Cladogenesis means splitting of lineages and is different from that of anagenesis which deals with phyletic evolution within the lineages (Abbott et al., 2013; Rabosky et al., 2013). The concept of speciation furthered gained a new meaning with the publication of the book, The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin. It is Darwin who highlighted the concept of natural selection and sexual selection which further defined the concept of speciation (Abbott et al., 2013; Rabosky et al., 2013). Speciation is the central topic of evolutionary science (Butlin et al., 2012). This is because; studying speciation helps to track the path of the evolution of organisms. However, according to Butlin et al. (2012), the deb ate upon the concepts of species is often considered as unproductive as biological species concept is now predominantly accepted is the term for defining speciation. The following essay aims to highlight the main factors responsible for speciation. Analysis of these factors will help to get a detailed insight about the process of gradual progression of the concept of speciation. At end, the report also aims to highlight the future implication of the study in the domain of speciation. In order to conduct this research I employed a thematic analysis approach based on the search of the literary articles. The articles were searched in the electronic databases like Medline and PubMed. The main keywords which are used to search literary articles include speciation, speciation barriers, speciation AND evolution. On the basis of the keyword search I found few relevant articles which I will use in the body of the assignment to backup my arguments. These references will be helpful because it will help to draw a critical insight about the factors contributing towards speciation with insightful examples. Emergence of Reproductive Isolation and Speciation As per the biological species concept, understanding the concept of speciation demands proper insight about the process of breakdown of gene flow (Butlin et al., 2012). The process of gene flow can be critically analysed upon discussion of the reproductive isolation. The primitive scheme used for elaborating the origination of the reproductive isolation is whether the flow of gene is restricted before (prezygotic) or after (postzygotic) the formation of hybrid zygote. Butlin et al. (2012) have described prezygotic isolation as either crucial or previous evolving barrier towards flow of the gene in comparison to that of post zygotic isolation. Thus, it can be regarded as an important process behind the concept of speciation. The view stated by Butlin et al. (2012), stems from numerous examples of speciation showcasing significant evidences against prezygotic isolation (frequently behavioural mate differentiation among the animals or difference in pollinator in plants) in comparison to postzygotic isolation. According to Sobel et al. (2010) prezygotic isolation is crucial at any stage of speciation. This is because an organism is required to mate outside its own herd before it generates a hybrid yet sterile progeny. However, this ideas does not correctly responsible for extrinsic postzygotic isolation due to the process of differential adaptation that at times considered as the first step of speciation (Butlin Ritchie, 2009). In the domain of reproductive isolation, Riesch et al. (2012), is of the opinion that evolution of human has been stringently shaped by the interaction between gene and culture and there is an ever rising evidence that identical processes can also cast a huge impact on the population of non-human primates. According to the theoretical studies, the culture can be regarded as important evolutionary mechanisms due the ability of the cultural traits to spread rigorously in both vertical, horizontal and oblique direction (Schluter, 2009). This r esults in decrease in variance within the group and increase in variance between the groups. In their study Riesch et al. (2012) have accumulated extensive literature over the population divergence in killer whales (Orcinus orca). They have argued that they are in a process of ongoing ecological speciation arising out of dietary specialization. Although they failed to overlook the chances that cultural divergence pre-dates ecological divergence. They proposed that cultural difference coming as learned behaviours in between the ecologically divergent population of killer whales have resulted in the achievement of significant reproductive isolation leading to the generation of incipient speciation (Riesch et al., 2012). Thus from my understanding from the above discussion, I think that proper understanding of the contributing component of the reproductive isolation is crucial in order to understand the detailed process of speciation. According to Uyeda et al. (2009), chance events and genetic drift like mutation, colonisation, chromosomal rearrangement and polyploidy are regarded as strong contributors towards the process of speciation. However, the conditions under which the drift is the principal contributor of speciation is limited this is primarily because of the huge impact of gene flow. According to Tazzyman and Iwasa (2010), genetic drift might initiate the process of speciation via bestowing the preliminary divergence upon which the selection acts and this said point of overlap is responsible towards the evolution of reproductive isolation under the presence of significant flow of gene. Servedio and Noor (2003) further stated that genetic drift might also effect during the process of reinforcement via generating preliminary linkage disequilibrium in between the selected traits and mating traits. Moreover, it can be stated that speciation occurring via divergent selection is influenced via the founder even ts and this must often be the scenario of colonisation of new habitats (Butlin et al., 2012). According to Martin et al. (2013) the difference in the pattern of colours in between the population of poison-dart frog Oophaga pumilio across Bocas del Tro archipelago arise out of sexual selection as two other non-sexually selecting species of Dendrobatic found in the identical habitat do not showcase this variation. Martin et al. (2013) theoretically tested this assertion via employing quantitative genetic sexual selection model. They incorporated random drift and aposematic coloration. Martin et al. (2013) elucidated that sexual selection might have caused the observed variation through novel process interlinked with genetic drift. Under this novel process, sexual selection forces the colour of the frog to strictly follow the evolution of female genotype. Any in between population divergece arising out of genetic drift is transferred on to colour. Thus genetic drift lead to the develop ment of sexual selection resulting in speciation if O. pumilio. The results elucidated by Runemark et al. (2010) upon their experiment on females of Skyros wall lizard,Podarcis gaigeae showed that interaction between genetic drift and selection pressure cause divergence even at phenotypic level and this further leads to speciation. As per my understanding from the above discussion I feel that rate of gene flow between the diverging population readily influence the role of genetic drift in the process of speciation. I feel proper evaluation of the impact of drift on the rate of gene flow during the process of divergence is the major challenge in the speciation research. Reinforcement and speciation Reinforcement remains a contentious factor contributing towards the process of speciation (Pfennig, 2003). It is defined as a process of evolution arising out of increased prezygotic isolation that results out of selection occurring against inter-specific mating (Bank, Hermisson Kirkpatrick, 2012). Yukilevich (2012) have further opined that reinforcement is one of the most widely discussed matters in the domain of evolutionary biology under the mechanisms of evolution. Although the process of speciation is assumed as the by product of evolutionary process, the mechanism of reinforcement specifically posits that the theory of natural selection directly favours the process of speciation. However, the main problem in quantifying the nature of reinforcement in the process of divergence is that the important pattern highlighted by the concept of reinforcement (that is increase isolations in the habitats of sympatry in comparison to habitats of allopatry). This crucial pattern might colla pse over time as a result of active flow of gene or can also result as an outcome of the other ecological processes like ecological character displacement (Pfennig, 2003). According to Bank, Hermisson and Kirkpatrick (2012) whether total closure of the genetic introgression via reinforcement takes place can vary on the size of effect which the mutations have over the sensory system used in the choice of mate. On the basis of this method, Yukilevich (2012), proposed that assymetrical pattern of speciation that is common in drosophila is uniquely supported by the process of reinforcement. Their study concluded that there is 60 to 83% of impact on reinforcement on the sympatric Drosophila and this impact enhance pre-mating by 18 to 26% thereby causing speciation. Another study conducted by Matute, (2010) further provided a detailed insight about the process of reinforcement and its subsequent effects on the evolutionary process of speciation. According to Matute, (2010), reinforcement might overcome the flow of gene during the speciation in Drosophila and thereby providing valuable evidence towards the contribution of reinforcement on speciation. Thus from the above review of literature, I think the process of reinforcement can be regarded as the major contributing factors behind the process of speciation. I think the study of reinforcement of Drosophila have helped the researcher to get a detailed insight about the process of reinforcement. However, the direct impact of reinforcement on the process of speciation is difficult to study because of its divergence pattern on sexual selection. Hybridisation in speciation According to Wood et al. (2009), hybridization is a crucial process in the history of plant speciation. Evidence behind the fast speciation in plants especially by allopolyploidy is strong on the other hand, speciation centring polyploidy is comparatively less in animals (Wood et al., 2009). Barriers that putatively decrease the process of speciation through this mechanism of hybridization have been discussed by Clarkson et al. (2010). According to Clarkson et al. (2010), the principal problem in hybridization is to overule is the lack of reproductive isolation from the parental population. Gompert et al. (2006) provided solution to this problem via including the concept of significant ecological separation from parental species (for example transgressive variation or novel niche occupation). In contrast to the homoploid hybridisation under which new linkage is close to equal mixture ration of the parent population, hybridisation can highlight be an important source of genetic divers ity. This genetic diversity arising out of hybridisation allows one or more than one few selectively favoured genetic traits to introgress from a associated species and simultaneously contribute towards the success of the novel linkage in the absence of general amalgamation of the parental genomes (Clarkson et al., 2010). As per my understanding about the concept of hybridization in the domain speciation, there are an urgent requirement for elucidation of advanced analytical techniques that will help to distinguish between the past and the current process of hybridization from other genetic effects that have resulted in the generation of shared variation in the cross taxa. Future prospects of research in the process of speciation Research on the process of speciation demands which genes and network of genes contribute towards the process of speciation. However, other researchers have used different criteria of defining or establishing this association. It has currently been critiqued that only the changes occurring at the genetic level which contributes towards an increase in the reproductive isolation must be accepted as the process of speciation genes (Nosil Schluter, 2011). However, I think distinguishing such speciation contributing genes can be difficult. I also feel that the concept in extremely relevant for the genes that contribute towards early and ongoing process of speciation. Nevertheless, employing more constrained definition will enable to give proper guidance towards future work process. According to Presgraves (2010), the genes of speciation or the speciation genes can be linked with any various types of reproductive isolation barrier but majority of the information is available in the domain of hybrid dysfunction. Lack of compatibility between the mitochondrial genes and nuclear genes which are associated with the process of reproductive isolation is well-established in plants but are recently been established in relation to the human genome (Ellison, Niehuis Gadau, (2008); Gibson et al. (2010). Recent works undertaken by Johnson (2010) has indicated that genetic changes which are responsible for the process of hybrid incompatibility can be constant for the non-adaptive reasons (that is: co-evolution of meiotic drivers along with their suppressors and duplicate gene silencing). As per my understandings, this highlights the requirement for the future work-process to remain connected with the speciation genes alongside with the process of that has lead to the generation of species divergence. I also feel that more and more genes are required to be elucidated in the wider range of taxa for extra components of isolation along with the proper view of the interactions of ge ne-environment and proper evidence stating their distinct roles in the process of evolution of the reproductive isolations. I think only then it will be possible to make generalised view about the types of gene that are responsible to incompatibility leading to sexual isolation or divergence and thereby causing speciation. Apart from studying the factors that are responsible for the process of speciation, I feel it is also important to note that the cause behind the variation of the rate of speciation and duration. According to (Yoder et al. 2020), duration and rate of speciation might be influenced by the same factor. For example, the success rate of adaptive divergence must co-vary with the ecological opportunity. Moreover according to Funk, Nosil and Etges (2006), the process of natural selection can increase the process of divergence and this has been linked with the extent of reproductive isolation. Thus barren environments might cause both frequent and rapid isolation. However, this might generate to more frequent initiation of speciation but the same remains incomplete because either the flow of gene persists or because the population which is divergent do not persist or due to certain environmental change. So I feel resolving this problem will demand both advanced yet comparative method for bet ter understanding of the mechanisms of speciation and extinction. Significance of Biogeography and Speciation Understanding the process of speciation is extremely crucial towards the process of building a comprehensive macro-evolutionary synthesis. A number of theoretical constructs have been opined in order to explain numerous differential patterns viewed in speciation like fossil records or higher rates of speculations among the generalist taxa versus the specialist taxa. However, the majority of these explanations mostly rely on one or two explanatory variables and these may lead to the generation of overly simplistic narration of the complex process of speciation (Stigall, 2015). Development of a comprehensive understanding about the process of speciation demands broadness in synthesis of explanatory factors. The major explanatory factors that can employed in order to fully understand the concept of speciation include the role of reproductive isolation in the mechanism of speciation, significance of genetic drift in the process of speciation, importance of natural selection and sexual se lection in the process of speciation and the environmental and genetic factors contributing towards speciation (Stigall, 2015; Verzijden et al., 2012). Proper understanding of the speciation based on above mentioned factors will in turn help to get a detailed insight about the process of biogeography (Wiens, 2011). Biogeography can be defined as the process of distribution of ecosystem and species within the within the geographic space throughout the geological time (Wiens, 2011). Thus the understanding about the biogeography will further help to get a detailed insight about the niche matters of biogeography, biogeographic pattern of species migration, habitat change and subsequent niche conversation (Shafer Wolf, 2013). Thus I think, getting a detailed aspect of numerous factors of biogeography via an active study of speciation and this in turn will help to study the process of evolution. Conclusion Thus from the above discussion it can be concluded that, there are numerous factors that contributes towards the process of speciation like reproductive isolation (resulting in sexual selection and subsequently natural selection), genetic drift, reinforcement and hybridization. However, in future a detailed insight is required to study the influence of environmental factors towards the process of speciation. This analysis will lead to elucidations of the external factors which are responsible for the incompatibility and thereby promoting sexual isolation, genetic drift and divergence and thereby causing speciation. Clear concept about the ongoing process of speciation will help to get a clear picture of evolutionary biology and thereby leading to advancement in biogeography. References Abbott, R., Albach, D., Ansell, S., Arntzen, J. W., Baird, S. J., Bierne, N., ... Butlin, R. K. (2013). Hybridization and speciation.Journal of evolutionary biology,26(2), 229-246. Bank, C., Hermisson, J., Kirkpatrick, M. (2012). Can reinforcement complete speciation?.Evolution,66(1), 229-239. Butlin, R. K., Ritchie, M. G. (2009). Genetics of speciation. Nature Butlin, R., Debelle, A., Kerth, C., Snook, R. R., Beukeboom, L. W., Castillo, R. C., ... Hoikkala, A. (2012). What do we need to know about speciation?.Trends in Ecology Evolution,27(1), 27-39. Clarkson, J. J., Kelly, L. J., Leitch, A. R., Knapp, S., Chase, M. W. (2010). Nuclear glutamine synthetase evolution in Nicotiana: phylogenetics and the origins of allotetraploid and homoploid (diploid) hybrids.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,55(1), 99-112. Ellison, C. K., Niehuis, O., Gadau, J. (2008). Hybrid breakdown and mitochondrial dysfunction in hybrids of Nasonia parasitoid wasps.Journal of evolutionary biology,21(6), 1844-1851. Funk, D. J., Nosil, P., Etges, W. J. (2006). Ecological divergence exhibits consistently positive associations with reproductive isolation across disparate taxa.Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America,103(9), 3209-3213. Gibson, J. D., Niehuis, O., Verrelli, B. C., Gadau, J. (2010). Contrasting patterns of selective constraints in nuclear-encoded genes of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway in holometabolous insects and their possible role in hybrid breakdown in Nasonia.Heredity,104(3), 310. Gompert, Z., Nice, C. C., Fordyce, J. A., Forister, M. L., Shapiro, A. M. (2006). Identifying units for conservation using molecular systematics: the cautionary tale of the Karner blue butterfly.Molecular ecology,15(7), 1759-1768. Johnson, N. A. (2010). Hybrid incompatibility genes: remnants of a genomic battlefield?.Trends in Genetics,26(7), 317-325. Martin, S. H., Dasmahapatra, K. K., Nadeau, N. J., Salazar, C., Walters, J. R., Simpson, F., ... Jiggins, C. D. (2013). Genome-wide evidence for speciation with gene flow in Heliconius butterflies.Genome research,23(11), 1817-1828. Matute, D. R. (2010). Reinforcement can overcome gene flow during speciation in Drosophila.Current Biology,20(24), 2229-2233. Nosil, P., Schluter, D. (2011). 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Wong Kar Wai A Five Film Retrospective Essay Example

Wong Kar Wai: A Five Film Retrospective Essay Wong Kar Wai’s art and style of storytelling and directing is built through his personal influences and Hong Kong’s political and social relationships. Notorious for his unique approach and technique, Wong Kar Wai combines stories of the city, mostly tackling Hong Kong’s current social and political issues, with radical experimentation and audacious methods of directing. He started as an apprentice in one of Alan Tang Kwong-Wing’s production houses. Tang is the renowned owner of The Wing Scope Co. and In-gear Film Production Company and became Wang’s first producer for his first film As Tears Go by.However, before Wang considered himself as a full-time film director, he started first writing his stories for television.   After he finished taking a course on graphic designing at the Hong Kong Polytechnic School, he furthered his studies by taking up at the Hong Kong Television Broadcasts Limited a course on a production training course offered by t he said television station. From here, Wong Kar Wai sharpened his skills in screenplay. After almost five years, he was given his first break in film when Hong Kong actor- producer Alan Tang funded his first film. His stories run to almost all genres, ranging from action, comedy, drama to crime and romance. However, his most famous and award- winning films such as Chungking Express, Fallen Angels, Happy Together, and In the Mood for Love all narrate stories of affection and romantic love. On these movies, Wong Kar Wai tackles about the uncertainty of romance amidst the noise and the fast-paced life of the city. With this, Wong Kar Wai’s films are usually easily detected because of his consistent use of the ideas of time and love among his films. However, he regards Final Victory as his finest screenplay. A comedy- crime story, Final Victory is a film which he has written for the movie director Patrick Tam.As a director, on the other hand, Wong Kar Wai is detectable through hi s bold experimentations and views about film directing. He often employs alienation and dislocation in his filmmaking, two aspects that Tam has a major influence on him. Together with these, Wang also applies striking and salient visual aesthetic wherein colors are creatively used to stir atmosphere, mood, and emotions. Moreover, Wang prefers to focus on the details of his films rather than on its totality.Due to his militant and revolutionary approach in film directing, Wong Kar Wai is often regarded as a postmodern artist, a postmodern auteur. From his artistic innovativeness and creativity, Wang rises as one of Hong Kong’s finest and well- acclaimed scriptwriters and directors—a status that one cannot achieve without his influences that shape him.Wong Kar Wai and the Italian Neo- RealismWong Kar Wai’s films are easily characterized because of his stories’ themes and settings. While giving subject matters that discuss about Hong Kong’s socio-poli tical issues, Wong Kar Wai also utilizes settings that define more his subject matters. For example, in Chungking Express the location of the story is the Hong Kong City which Wang used in defining and explaining deeper the social issue he wanted to project in the film—how love exists in a postmodern age. The use of Hong Kong means that Wang is conscious about the effect of location to the meanings he desires to convey in his movie. It is an implicit way of telling to his audience that love in a postmodernism, just like the city of Hong Kong, is a fast-paced, changing, hybrid and capitalized thing. In Italian Neo-realism, location shooting and dubbing of the dialogues are two aspects which are given more focus on. Locations, as well as characters, should all look realistic that is why directors influenced by this technique follows the idea that actors, even those principal ones, should be non- actors. This is to make the acting and the finished film product look more realisti c.Wong Kar Wai and the French New WaveWong Kai is part of the second- wave Hong Kong directors who are greatly influenced by the French New Wave, together with Eddie Fong, Stanley Kwan and Clara Law. All of them are followers of first- wave directors like Tsui Hark, Ann Hui and Patrick Tam, the one that Wong has worked with. The movement let Wang and directors alike to use their artistic impetus in analyzing and perhaps in critiquing Hong Kong in terms of its social and political issues, as well as its past and current relationship to China and Britain—the two countries that colonized the country. To illustrate further, Wong in most of his films, uses the idea of hybridity of the two cultures, in portraying his stories. In Chungking Express and Fallen Angels, a lot of evidences are presented in order to see the mixing of Eastern and Western identity and cultures. Wong’s use of film speed is also considered an aspect of the French New Wave wherein shots are rapid and ta ken in open fields such as at streets instead of closed ones like studios.Brief Synopsis of Wong Kar Wai’s Five FilmsI.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chungking ExpressThe story is divided into two parts: the story of Cop 223 and Cop 633. It was told sequentially while most of its locations never changed, just like the Midnight Express food stall where both cops goes to. Both stories talk about each character’s way of moving on and healing while alienating themselves amidst the things happening around them.II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fallen AngelsThe story follows the life of Leon, an assassin who struggles between his profession and the affection his partner Michelle shows to him. Some people say that the film is a continuation or a sequel of the 1994 Wang’s movie Chungking Express. The story tackles almost the same themes presented in Chungking Express such as one’s ali enation and disconnection to self and love in a postmodern age and society.III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Happy TogetherReleased in 1997, the story is about a gay couple who is in the verge of reconciliation while having a vacation in Argentina. The two came from constant cycle of physical abuse and reconciliation. However, at the end of the story, they finally departed as the story closes with one of them, Lai Yiu-fai, visiting alone the Iguaza Falls—the place where he and his ex- partner had planned to visit.IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Mood for LoveThe story was set in 1960s Hong Kong narrating the lives of two married people. Chow Mo-Wan, a journalist, met in an apartment the secretary So Lai-zhen. With both of their spouses having an affair, the two easily got hooked with each other. Realizing that what they are doing is wrong, they decided to end the relationship and part their ways. They never meet again a lthough both of them tried to communicate with the other one. The film closes with Chow whispering in a hole his secrets and putting a mud on it eventually.V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2046This is the third part that completes the trilogy of Wong, starting from the Days of Being Wild up to In the Mood for Love. Although a sequel of the first two films, 2046 is a science- fiction film took place in a train coming from or to year 2046.Analysis and Connections of the Five FilmsCharacters in Wong Kar Wai’s films are presented each with individual identities and isolations. Yet he managed to get connection  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   each one a connection to the other one. In most stories, Wong never gives the focus to one main character only. For example, in Chungking Express the narrator is not only one but two. Wong, as said earlier, focused on the details of his films rather than on its totality. In addition, being a follower of th e Italian Neo realism, Wong uses non- actors as his actors.The plots of the films, on the other hand, embody all of Wong’s perceptions about Hong Kong’s socio-political status. Some argues that his plots are disoriented and without focus, but in my opinion, Wong is a postmodern innovative and creative storyteller without boundaries for artistic impetus.Meanwhile, Wong Kar Wai as a storyteller seems to love infusing the idea of time in his stories. Take for example his films Chungking Express, Fallen Angels, Happy Together, In the Mood for Love, and 2046. All of the films are products of Wong’s creation and portrayal of time as something homogenous and short- lived. The characters in his stories are sometimes trapped in dreams which they cannot escape by relying to time. For example, in Chungking Express, Faye constantly sings the song California Dreamin’ which I think is Wong’s own way of expressing how dreams can trap time, especially in a city li ke Hong Kong where everything seems to run in a hurry, even time itself.Wong’s use of language is another factor that one could consider analyzing him as a storyteller. In most of his stories, Wong used conversational dialogues that prevent them from being misunderstood. Wong is also famous for his successful use of monologues at the start and at the end of the film.In terms of his directing talent and skills, however, I personally think that Wong has no definite structure or direction. It seems to me that his directing is too open and without focus. Although it can be argued that Wong’s style in directing is a product brought about by his personal preferences and influences, I still think that he gives his audience a hard time in understanding the messages he wants to convey in his films.His use of camera and lighting are also revolutionary. The most salient characteristic of Wong’s use of these elements is the speed of his film shots. Most of the time, Wong ut ilizes shots that are rapid and highly stylized, giving a more defined tone, atmosphere, and emotions to his films.Asian movies of contemporary directors like Raise the Red Lantern, Police Story, and The Killer, just like Wong Kar Wai’s films, also talks about past and current socio-political issues. Raise the Red Lantern, for example, is said to be a critique of the Chinese communist authoritarianism set during 1920s. This movie is also acclaimed for tits successful use of vivid colors that Wong also infuses in his films. The Police Story, on the other hand, shows a current social and political scenario in Hong Kong as it tackles about the city’s uprising crime incidences. Finally, The Killer, as compared to Wong’s films, evokes intense emotions as it tries to capture the idea of love, friendship, and violence. The story’s main protagonist is a hitman which Wong also has in one of his films.Wong, with his daring and modern methods in storytelling and dir ecting, proves to be an auteur worth of what he is receiving today. A postmodern in innovativeness and creativity, Wong Kar Wai is an efficient storyteller and but not yet an effective director. However, although his directing skills are found to be lacking in direction and control, surely his personal and socio- political views are still his best weapons why his films are considered as wonderful creations.